Japanese and American children's evaluations of peer exclusion,tolerance of differences,and prescriptions for conformity     

Killen M  Crystal DS  Watanabe H 《Child development》2002,73(6):1788-1802

Children and adolescents (N = 1,057), divided by gender, at fourth, seventh, and tenth grades, from two mid-sized cities in the United States and in Japan, were surveyed regarding their evaluations of peer group exclusion of atypical peers. Six reasons for atypicality were being aggressive, having an unconventional appearance, acting like a clown, demonstrating cross-gender behavior, being a slow runner, and having a sad personality. Analyses revealed significant effects for age, gender, country membership, and the context of exclusion. With age, children demonstrated context sensitivity, and believed that the excluded child should not change him- or herself to be accepted by the group. Across contexts, girls were less willing to exclude than were boys, and were more tolerant of differences. The context of exclusion had an effect on all forms of judgments about exclusion, and there were very few overall effects for culture. Most children disagreed with the decision to exclude, believed that they were different from the atypical child, and believed that the excluded child should change him- or herself to be accepted by the group. The results support a theory of developmental social cognition in which multiple sources of influence have a significant effect on social decision making involving the exclusion of others.  相似文献   

Workplace Faculty Friendships and Work-Family Culture     

Megumi Watanabe  Christina Falci 《Innovative Higher Education》2017,42(2):113-125

Although various work-family policies are available to faculty members, many underuse these policies due to concerns about negative career consequences. Therefore, we believe it is important to develop an academic work culture that is more supportive of work-family needs. Using network data gathered from faculty members at a Midwestern university, this study investigated the relationship between friendship connections with colleagues and perceived work-family supportiveness in the department. It also explored the role of parental status in the relationship for men and women. Results show that faculty with larger friendship networks have more positive perceptions of work-family culture compared to faculty with smaller friendship networks, for all faculty except women without children.  相似文献   

The Usefulness of Saturated Salt Solution Embalming Method for Oral Surgical Skills Training: A New Cadaveric Training Model for Bone Harvesting     

Masato Watanabe  Yuya Yoneyama  Hayato Hamada  Michihide Kohno  On Hasegawa  Hidetoshi Takahashi  Yoko Kawase-Koga  Akira Matsuo  Daichi Chikazu  Shinichi Kawata  Masahiro Itoh 《Anatomical sciences education》2020,13(5):628-635

The purpose of this study was to assess the usefulness of saturated salt solution-embalmed cadavers for oral surgical skills training related to bone graft harvesting. Two half-day surgical skills training workshops were held at the Tokyo Medical University utilizing eight cadavers embalmed with the saturated salt solution. A total of 22 participants including oral surgeons, residents, and dentists attended the workshop. Surgical training consisted of six procedures related to intraoral and extraoral bone harvesting. The participants were surveyed to assess self-confidence levels for each surgical procedure before and after completion of each workshop. The Wilcoxon signed-rank test was used to compare the differences between each median score before and after the workshop. There were statistically significant increases in the self-assessed confidence scores in bone harvesting procedures for the zygomatic bone (P = 0.003), maxillary tuberosity (P = 0.002), and other sites (P < 0.001). The anatomical features of saturated salt solution-embalmed cadavers were also examined. The textures of the oral mucosa and skin were similar to those of living individuals. The structure of bone tissues was well-preserved and the hardness was realistic. Consequently, all procedures were performed with sufficient realism. The saturated salt solution method has a relatively low cost of preparation and storage, and almost no odor. The authors suggest that saturated salt solution-embalmed cadavers could provide a new model for oral surgical skills training in bone harvesting.  相似文献   

CD4+单核细胞中HIV-1 gp120与gp160质粒的构建与表达     

卢亦愚  古贺泰裕 《科技通报》1999,15(4):301-305

采用ＰＳＭＴＥ７作为质粒,进行ＨＩＶ－１ｅｎｖ基因对ＣＤ４阳性单核细胞Ｕ９３７－２的导入与表达,ｅｎｖ基因导入细胞在微量重金属镉的诱导下,激活妄动子表达ｇｐ１２０及ｇｐ１６０经Ｗｅｓｔｅｒｎｂｌｏｔ转移显色后,可得清晰的ｅｎｖ目的的条带,此外,充式细胞仪对表达的ｇｐ１２０与ＣＤ４位点的结合作了分析,验证了该表达蛋白的结构与活性,从实验系可以观察到的表达ｇｐ１６０的ＣＤ４细胞株由于表达ｇｐ１６０而引  相似文献   

Does installation of the backstroke start device reduce 15-m start time in swimming?     

Yusuke Ikeda  Hiroshi Ichikawa  Rio Nara  Yasuhiro Baba  Yoshimitsu Shimoyama 《Journal of sports sciences》2017,35(2):189-195

The purpose of this study was to determine the installation of the backstroke start device reduces 15-m time. Thirteen college swimmers participated in this study. The aerial start and underwater motions were recorded with two digital video cameras. The center of mass (CM) of the swimmer, angular displacements and velocities of the shoulder, hip and knee joints were calculated. As an indicator of performance, the 5- and 15-m times were measured. The 5- and 15-m times in the backstroke start device condition were significantly shorter than in the non-backstroke start device condition. The vertical velocities of the CM at hand-off and toe-off in the backstroke start device condition were significantly greater than in the non-backstroke start device condition, while there was no significant difference in the CM horizontal velocity at toe-off. As a result, the height of the great trochanter at entry of the fingertips, with the backstroke start device, was 15 cm higher than in the non-backstroke start device condition. In addition, the CM horizontal velocities at 5 m in the backstroke start device condition were significantly greater than those of the non-backstroke start device. Thus, the use of the backstroke start device may reduce the 15-m time by diminution of the entry area.  相似文献   

Development of a dialogue-based guidance system for narrow area navigation     

Yasuhiro Yoshida  Fumito Masui  Michal Ptaszynski 《Information processing & management》2021,58(4):102542

In this paper, we propose a dialogue-based navigation system for narrow areas (e.g., buildings, etc.). In particular, we develop Campus Navigation Partner System (CNPS), intended for the use by freshmen (first-year students) who are likely to get lost in the new environment on the university campus (with the campus of Kitami Institute of Technology set as the experimental environment). The CNPS operates on a smartphone and has the functions of facility navigation and indoor information presentation. Indoor environment navigation is typically a problematic task because GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite System) signals cannot be received with sufficient accuracy within concrete walls. Therefore, we utilized natural language dialogue as a navigation method that guides the users within the facility using navigation messages and images. To investigate the effectiveness of the constructed system, we conducted practical experiments with freshmen and senior students of the university and evaluated the performance of the navigation functionality. Moreover, we investigated the general impressions of the system which we evaluated separately with both freshmen and senior students to clarify the differences in evaluation viewpoints between freshmen and users experienced in the campus environment (graduate students, etc.).  相似文献   

Players and Whiners? Perceptions of Sex Stereotyping in Animé in Japan and the US     

Mary Jiang Bresnahan  Yasuhiro Inoue  Naomi Kagawa 《亚洲交流杂志》2013,23(2):207-217

This study examined cognitive and affective responses of Japanese (N=199) and American participants (N=194) to the depiction of gender in a Japanese animé popular in both countries. As expected, Japanese respondents indicated more familiarity with the animation and also reported that they were fans to a greater extent than Americans. Japanese participants and males showed greater agreement with sex stereotyping in the depiction of characters. Males also showed greater liking for characters and expressed the belief that they were positive role models. American females disliked the characters, especially the female character, significantly more than all other participants. Finally, participants, regardless of country, who held conventional views of gender perceived fewer stereotypes in the depiction of the characters. Given the current interest in animé, implications of findings from viewing sex-stereotypical images and directions for future research are discussed.  相似文献   

Undergraduates' attitudes and beliefs about subject matter and pedagogy measured periodically in a reform‐based mathematics and science teacher preparation program     

J. Randy McGinnis  Steve Kramer  Gilli Shama  Anna O. Graeber  Carolyn A. Parker  Ted Watanabe 《科学教学研究杂志》2002,39(8):713-737

This study describes the design and use of a valid and reliable instrument to measure teacher candidates' attitudes and beliefs about mathematics and science and the teaching of those subjects. The instrument, Attitudes and Beliefs about the Nature of and the Teaching of Mathematics and Science, was developed for the Maryland Collaborative for Teacher Preparation (MCTP), a statewide, standards‐based project in the National Science Foundation's Collaborative in Excellence in Teaching Preparation (CETP) Program. We report on two applications of the instrument: (a) a contrast between MCTP teacher candidates' and non‐MCTP teacher candidates' attitudes and beliefs about mathematics and science as they initially encountered reform‐based instruction in their undergraduate courses, and (b) a landscaping of how the MCTP teacher candidates' attitudes toward and beliefs about mathematics and science evolved over a 2.5‐year period. In support of current reform in science and mathematics teacher education, we determined that over an extended period the MCTP teacher candidates' attitudes and beliefs moved substantively and significantly in the direction intended. However, we also found that the non‐MCTP teacher candidates in the same reform‐based courses did not mirror this improvement in their attitudes and beliefs about mathematics and science or the teaching of those subjects. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 39: 713–737, 2002  相似文献   

Trends in the substitution of production factors to technology—empirical analysis of the inducing impact of the energy crisis on Japanese industrial     

Chihiro Watanabe 《Research Policy》1992,21(6)

Japan successfully overcame the energy crises of 1973 and 1979, maintaining productivity in the face of drastically increased energy prices, despite the fragile nature of its energy structure. This was due to technological innovation efforts that led to rapid improvement in Japan's industrial technology as a whole.This paper tries to prove this hypothesis on the basis of an examination of the trends in the substitution of production factors by technology as represented by R&D investment efforts.Since the first energy crisis in 1973, there have been a number of attempts to identify the possibility of substitutability of energy by other production factors, but none have been successful in taking technology into account.This paper tackles this subject on the basis of the measurement of the technological knowledge stock and en empirical analysis using a translog cost function incorporating this stock, and shows that over the last two decades all production factors have been substituted by technology in Japan's manufacturing industry or have been moving towards that direction.  相似文献   

Erratum to: Roles of attention in perceptual learning from perspectives of psychophysics and animal learning     

Y. Tsushima  T. Watanabe 《Learning & behavior》2009,37(4):380-380

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