Are the Yo-Yo intermittent recovery test levels 1 and 2 both useful? Reliability,responsiveness and interchangeability in young soccer players     

Maurizio Fanchini  Carlo Castagna  Aaron J. Coutts  Federico Schena  Alan McCall  Franco M. Impellizzeri 《Journal of sports sciences》2014,32(20):1950-1957

Abstract

The aim of this study was to compare the reliability, internal responsiveness and interchangeability of the Yo-Yo intermittent recovery test level 1 (YY1), level 2 (YY2) and submaximal YY1 (YY1-sub). Twenty-four young soccer players (age 17 ± 1 years; height 177 ± 7 cm; body mass 68 ± 6 kg) completed each test five times within pre- and in-season; distances covered and heart rates (HRs) were measured. Reliability was expressed as typical error of measurement (TEM) and intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). Internal responsiveness was determined as effect size (ES) and signal-to-noise ratio (ES_TEM). Interchangeability was determined with correlation between training-induced changes. The TEM and ICC for distances in the YY1 and YY2 and for HR in YY1-sub were 7.3% and 0.78, 7.1% and 0.93 and 2.2% and 0.78, respectively. The ESs and ES_TEMs were 0.9 and 1.9 for YY1, 0.4 and 1.2 for YY2 and ?0.3 and ?0.3 for YY1-sub. Correlations between YY1 vs. YY2 and YY1-sub were 0.56 to 0.84 and ?0.36 to ?0.81, respectively. Correlations between change scores in YY1 vs. YY2 were 0.29 and ?0.21 vs. YY1-sub. Peak HR was higher in YY1 vs. YY2. The YY1 and YY2 showed similar reliability; however, they were not interchangeable. The YY1 was more responsive to training compared to YY2 and YY1-sub.  相似文献   

Joseph Chamberlain and Free Education in the Election of 1885     

Alan Simon 《History of education》2013,42(1):56-78

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The Philosophy of Education in the Education of Educators     

Alan Montefiore 《Review of Education, Pedagogy & Cultural Studies》2013,35(4):259-266

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WHAT TO DO WITH DEATH: THE END OF LIFE IN REFORM JEWISH EDUCATION     

Alan Gorr 《Religious education (Chicago, Ill.)》2013,108(4):548-556

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Keeping a good Wo/man down: Normalizing Deborah Sampson Gannett     

Robert Alan Brookey 《Communication Studies》2013,64(1):73-85

Deborah Sampson Gannett's 1802 lecture tour has been hailed as an important beginning for feminist public address. Previous critics have approached Sampson Gannett's lecture too narrowly, offering a “celebratory” reading that does not fully address the contradictions raised by her anti‐feminist statements. My analysis illuminates those contradictions through an alternative reading based in theories of gender performance. I conclude that attention to the performative aspects of Sampson Gannett's discourse allows critics to understand the feminist potential of her ultimate disruption of the rigid confines of True Womanhood.  相似文献   

Discoverers, inventors, outsiders     

Robert Alan Hatch 《Metascience》2013,22(1):185-188

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Why literacy matters: Understanding the effects of literacy education for adults
By Ralf St Clair. NIACE, Leicester, 2010, 215?pp. ISBN 978-1-86201-450-3 (pbk), ISBN 978-1-8201-464-0 (e-book)     

Alan Rogers 《International Review of Education/Internationale Zeitschrift für Erziehungswissenschaft/Revue internationale l'éducation》2011,19(3):757-760

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Publishing — is our love here to stay …     

Alan SINGLETON 《Learned Publishing》2013,26(3):155-156

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Freedom,License and Responsibility     

Alan Montefiore 《Review of Education, Pedagogy & Cultural Studies》2013,35(4):341-356

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Counting the house in public television: A history of ratings use, 1953–1980     

Alan G. Stavitsky 《广播与电子媒介杂志》2013,57(4):520-534

This study explores the evolution, diffusion and application of audience research in public television from its origins through the 1970s, the formative period for the system. Shifts in funding structures for public TV and the rise of cable and satellite competition are reflected in the changing practice of such research.  相似文献