Complexity and Education: Vital simultaneities     

Brent  Davis 《Educational Philosophy and Theory》2008,40(1):50-65

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Designing E-learning environments for flexible activity and instruction     

Brent G. Wilson 《Educational technology research and development : ETR & D》2004,52(4):77-84

The contributions to this issue share a focus on design of e-learning environments. Instructional designers stand at very early stages of knowledge in this area, but with great potential for growth and progress. This commentary offers an activity-based perspective on e-learning environments, resulting in a flexible stance toward instructional strategies, artifact design, emergent activity, and learning outcomes. This same flexibility should be evident as we in the field appropriate theories from other disciplines and develop some of our own. I support the contributors' call for more design research specifically addressing challenging problems of practice encountered by design practitioners.  相似文献   

Children's understanding of death: a review of three components of a death concept   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

M W Speece  S B Brent 《Child development》1984,55(5):1671-1686

This review of the empirical literature on the development of the concept of death focuses on 3 components of that concept: irreversibility, nonfunctionality, and universality. These findings overall suggest that the majority of healthy children in modern urban-industrial societies achieve an understanding of all 3 components between 5 and 7 years of age. Since this is also the age at which most children make the transition from preoperational to concrete-operational thinking, some relationship between these 2 processes seems likely. However, attempts to empirically validate that relationship have thus far yielded ambiguous results. Possible reasons for this ambiguity are suggested.  相似文献   

On two effects of signaling the consequences for remembering     

B. Maxwell Jones  K. Geoffrey White  Brent L. Alsop 《Learning & behavior》1995,23(3):256-272

Five pigeons were trained to perform a delayed matching-to-sample task in which red- and green-colored keys were presented as sample and choice stimuli, and the duration of a delay interval varied across trials. Experiment 1 investigated the effects on delayed-matching accuracy of signaling different durations of food access for the two correct responses (the differential-outcomes effect), and of signaling nondifferential but larger durations for both responses (the signaled-magnitudes effect). In Condition 1, a vertical bar on either sample signaled different rewards (or different outcomes, DOs) for correct red and correct green responses (0.5 and 3.5 sec, respectively), and a horizontal bar signaled equal durations of food access (or same outcomes, SOs) for these responses (1.5 sec). In Condition 2, the horizontal bar signaled equally large rewards for the two correct responses (3.5 sec), and the vertical bar signaled equally small rewards (0.5 sec). Delayed-matching accuracies were higher on DO trials than on SO trials, and they were higher on large-reward trials than on small-reward trials. However, analyses of discriminability estimates as a function of delay-interval duration revealed differences between the forgetting functions reflecting these two effects. Signaling DOs increased the initial level of the function and reduced its slope relative to signaling SOs, whereas signaling larger rewards increased the initial level of the function but did not affect its slope relative to signaling smaller rewards. Experiment 2 investigated whether the difference between the initial levels of DO and SO functions in Condition 1 resulted from overall longer food access on the former trials. However, varying the food-access times on SO trials across three conditions (0.5, 3.5, and 1.5 sec) failed to produce systematic effects consistent with this hypothesis. The results are discussed with respect to the mechanisms that could be responsible for the two effects.  相似文献   

CONSTRUCTIVIST DISCOURSES AND THE FIELD OF EDUCATION: PROBLEMS AND POSSIBILITIES   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

Brent Davis  Dennis Sumara 《Educational theory》2002,52(4):409-428

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Assessing ADHD Symptoms in Preschool Children: Use of the ADHD Symptoms Rating Scale     

Penny L. Phillips  Jessica N. Greenson  Brent R. Collett  Gretchen A. Gimpel 《Early education and development》2002,13(3):283-300

Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a common childhood disorder that is typically diagnosed during the school years, although features of the disorder can be identified in early childhood. As more children enter into preschool programs, there are increasing opportunities for professionals to identify and treat ADHD prior to school entry. This may increase the likelihood that children will have successful academic and social experiences. Unfortunately, diagnosing ADHD in preschoolers is difficult, in part because few assessment instruments are designed and validated for this age group. The purpose of this study was to examine the psychometric and normative properties of the ADHD-Symptoms Rating Scale (ADHD-SRS) in preschool children. Results shed light on normative levels of ADHD behaviors in preschool children and suggest that preschoolers may present with a somewhat different symptom pattern than school-age children. Further, findings reveal that parents are more likely to endorse ADHD symptoms in their children than are teachers. Given this disparity, the current data emphasize the need for cross-informant assessment in the preschool population.  相似文献   

The Incidence of Delayed School Entry: A Twelve-Year Review     

Donna Brent  Deborah C. May  Deborah K. Kundert 《Early education and development》1996,7(2):121-135

Delaying school entry for a year beyond a child's chronological eligibility for kindergarten is a controversial practice. However, it is unclear from the available literature exactly how common this practice is. The purpose of this study was to examine the incidence of delayed kindergarten entry in a suburban school district over a 12-year period. In this district, school personnel did not make formal recommendations to parents to delay kindergarten entry for their children. A review of the incidence data indicated that, in general, there had been a significant increase in the number of children who had delayed school entry. Furthermore, significantly more males than females had delayed kindergarten entry, and the majority of children who delayed school entry had autumn birthdates, making them the youngest group of children in this study. Implications for school practices are discussed.  相似文献   

An Exploratory Analysis of Differential Item Functioning and Its Possible Sources in a Higher Education Admissions Context     

Maria Elena Oliveri  Rene Lawless  Frederic Robin  Brent Bridgeman 《教育实用测度》2018,31(1):1-16

We analyzed a pool of items from an admissions test for differential item functioning (DIF) for groups based on age, socioeconomic status, citizenship, or English language status using Mantel-Haenszel and item response theory. DIF items were systematically examined to identify its possible sources by item type, content, and wording. DIF was primarily found in the citizenship group. As suggested by expert reviewers, possible sources of DIF in the direction of U.S. citizens was often in Quantitative Reasoning in items containing figures, charts, tables depicting real-world (as opposed to abstract) contexts. DIF items in the direction of non-U.S. citizens included “mathematical” items containing few words. DIF for the Verbal Reasoning items included geocultural references and proper names that may be differentially familiar for non-U.S. citizens. This study is responsive to foundational changes in the fairness section of the Standards for Educational and Psychological Testing, which now consider additional groups in sensitivity analyses, given the increasing demographic diversity in test-taker populations.  相似文献   

A Comparison of Quantitative Questions in Open-Ended and Multiple-Choice Formats     

Brent Bridgeman 《Journal of Educational Measurement》1992,29(3):253-271

Open–ended counterparts to a set of items from the quantitative section of the Graduate Record Examination (GRE–Q) were developed. Examinees responded to these items by gridding a numerical answer on a machine-readable answer sheet or by typing on a computer. The test section with the special answer sheets was administered at the end of a regular GRE administration. Test forms were spiraled so that random groups received either the grid-in questions or the same questions in a multiple-choice format. In a separate data collection effort, 364 paid volunteers who had recently taken the GRE used a computer keyboard to enter answers to the same set of questions. Despite substantial format differences noted for individual items, total scores for the multiple-choice and open-ended tests demonstrated remarkably similar correlational patterns. There were no significant interactions of test format with either gender or ethnicity.  相似文献   

Problems with psychiatry,and problems with thinking about psychiatry     

Brent M. Kious 《Metascience》2016,25(1):91-94

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