Effects of self-talk: a systematic review     

Tod D  Hardy J  Oliver E 《运动与训练心理学杂志》2011,33(5):666-687

This article presents a systematic review of the literature examining the relationship between self-talk and performance. "Second-generation questions" regarding potential mediators and moderators of the self-talk-performance relationship were also examined. A total of 47 studies were analyzed. Results indicated beneficial effects of positive, instructional, and motivational self-talk for performance. Somewhat surprisingly, two evidence-based challenges to popular current viewpoints on self-talk emerged. First, negative self-talk did not impede performance. Second, there was inconsistent evidence for the differential effects of instructional and motivational self-talk based on task characteristics. Results from the mediation-based analysis indicate that cognitive and behavioral factors had the most consistent relationships with self-talk. The findings are discussed in the context of recent theoretical advances, and the article includes recommendations for future research (e.g., the use of designs allowing the testing of meditational hypotheses) and for current applied practice (e.g., avoiding the use of thought-stopping techniques).  相似文献   

"A man's game": cricket, war and masculinity, South Africa, 1899-1902     

Allen D 《国际体育史杂志》2011,28(1):63-80

As practitioners of the imperial sport of the Victorian age, cricketers rallied whenever war descended upon England and its colonies. The South African War of 1899-1902 was no different. Adding to existing work on cricket's imperial development within South Africa, this study marks a significant contribution to research on the link between masculinity, war and sport during the Victorian era. A concept emerging from the English public schools of the mid- to late nineteenth century, the masculine ethos of sport and military honour had reached colonial South Africa by the outbreak of war in 1899. In its analysis of cricket and masculinity, this essay examines the events surrounding the war in South Africa and provides an example of the distinct relationship that existed between the military and the masculinity of sport and its organisation during this era.  相似文献   

萨缪尔森:《经济学》经典语录     

保罗·萨缪尔森  ;威廉·D·诺德豪斯 《记者观察(上半月)》2014,(9):40-42

本文摘录自世界闻名的《经济学(第十六版)》教科书。这部书已有50年历史。该书起先由保罗·A·萨缪尔森编写,后来与威廉·D·诺德豪斯合著。50年前,萨缪尔森教授在这本非凡的著作阐释了经济学的原理和范畴。数以百万计的学生从该书得到了无数的教诲和启迪:经济学如何揭开现代社会神秘的面纱,并解决其中形形色色的问题等等,而这些,说到底,又同我们如何去生活、如何生活得更好等问题休戚相关。  相似文献   

Emotional abuse and neglect (psychological maltreatment): a conceptual framework     

Glaser D 《Child abuse & neglect》2002,26(6-7):697-714

OBJECTIVE: Emotional abuse and neglect is an under-recognized, but actually common, form of child abuse. Professionals in the field continue to find difficulty in recognizing and operationally defining it, and experience uncertainty about proving it legally. There are also questions about intervention and therapy to protect the child in the least detrimental manner. These difficulties have led to delays in recognition and protective intervention. Emotional abuse and neglect are defined as a carer-child relationship that is characterized by patterns of harmful interactions, requiring no physical contact with the child. Motivation to harm the child is not necessary for the definition. Unlike sexual abuse that is a secret activity, these forms of ill treatment are easily observable. The child's development is impaired in all domains of functioning but, not being specific to emotional abuse and neglect, cannot be regarded as diagnostic. METHOD: Research, clinical experience and theoretical considerations have led to a conceptual framework and operational definitions of five categories of harmful interactions between parent and child. This framework is contrasted with the APSAC categories. RESULTS: It is postulated that the different categories of ill treatment respectively require different therapeutic interventions. CONCLUSION: Concerns about the presence of emotional abuse need to trigger an assessment process that includes identifying the nature of the abusive or neglectful interactions and a time-limited trial of specific interventions. The family's response to this process and its outcome will determine the need for statutory involvement, as well as providing a basis for litigation if this is required.  相似文献   

Effects of Headings on Text Summarization     

Lorch RF  Lorch EP  Ritchey K  McGovern L  Coleman D 《Contemporary educational psychology》2001,26(2):171-191

A summarization task was used to study whether headings influence readers' representations of the topic structure of a text. College students (Experiments 1-3) and sixth- and eighth-graders (Experiment 3) summarized a multiple topic text that (a) included headings introducing every new subtopic, (b) included headings introducing half of the new subtopics, or (c) included no headings. In all experiments, topics were more likely to be included in a summary if they were signaled than if they were not signaled. This effect was magnified when the text was only half signaled: Signaled topics were more likely to appear in a summary if only half the text topics were signaled than if all of the topics were signaled; however, unsignaled topics were less likely to appear in a summary if half of the text topics were signaled than if none of the text topics were signaled. The findings demonstrate that readers rely heavily on headings in a task that emphasizes attention to a text's topic structure. It is suggested that previously observed signaling effects on text recall are mediated by effects on how readers represent a text's topic structure. Copyright 2001 Academic Press.  相似文献   

使用数码相机的小技巧     

Johns.  D 《中国新闻科技》2001,(1):61-61

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总冠军的拉链 理查德·汉密尔顿     

三D 《当代体育》2006,(6)

在他的成长之路上,有两支球队可供选择。一支拥有迈克尔·乔丹,一支没有。但是没有乔丹,他一样能够取得成功。乔丹到底耽误了汉密尔顿还是成全了他,这的确很值得探讨。2000年,如果不是乔丹的到来,也许时至今日,奇才已经打入了季后赛,而汉密尔顿也成为东部顶尖级后卫之一。因为那时他在奇才已可每场交足20 分公粮,俨然一副当家大哥的样子。但这一切都因为乔丹的一句防守不过关而改变。为何会这样,谁都知道他们二人在奇才队的位  相似文献   

天堂与地狱比邻     

约翰·D·洛克菲勒 《少年文摘》2005,(8)

本文是美国的石油大王洛克菲勒写给儿子的一封信,在信中他告诫儿子:“如果你视工作为一种乐趣,人生就是天堂;如果你视工作为一种义务,人生就是地狱。”这是积极的人生观,相信每个人看了都会从中受益。  相似文献   

大胡子面具     

阿D 《小学生》2006,(12):38-38

材料：一个棕色大信封,橡皮筋或者线绳。制作这种简单的面具,信封和纸袋最合适不过了——而且只用一支彩笔或者墨水笔,很快就可以改装好。我们在这里不用再画一张脸了,你可以从杂志上剪下一张图片,然后再粘在信封前面就可以了。  相似文献   

小话“饶舌”     

戴维.D  舒扬 《中学生英语》2005,(3)

如果你问现在的人们什么是“绕舌”,他们大多有可能会说那是一种用重复押韵的方式吟唱的音乐。饶舌来源于非洲大地的风土人情和人们的语言传统。一直以来,在美国的美国黑人社区内就盛行着这种口技的竞赛。饶舌的花式和名称很多,比如说有用来强调紧要思想的饶舌,有证明某种 意识的饶舌,有叫“泰坦尼克闪耀”、“一打两打”的,有校园饶舌,甚至有监狱的“牢房饶舌”。现代饶舌的近亲是西印度群岛一带的瑞格舞,人们糅合其中的各种元素加以乐曲、鼓点的变化,就慢慢形成了现代饶舌。上世纪七十年代,一位牙买加的/0 库尔和克从金斯顿(牙买加首都…  相似文献