Students’ Levels of Understanding Models and Modelling in Biology: Global or Aspect-Dependent?     

Moritz Krell  Annette Upmeier zu Belzen  Dirk Krüger 《Research in Science Education》2014,44(1):109-132

It is argued that knowledge about models is an important part of a profound understanding of Nature of Science. Consequently, researchers have developed different ‘levels of understanding’ to analyse students’, teachers’, or experts’ comprehension of this topic. In some approaches, global levels of understanding have been developed which mirror the idea of an understanding of models and modelling as a whole. Opposed to this, some authors have developed levels of understanding for distinct aspects concerning models and modelling in science (i.e. aspect-dependent levels). This points to an important issue for science education research since global conceptualisations might lead to less differentiated assessments and interventions than aspect-dependent ones. To contribute to this issue, the article summarises conceptualisations of both global and aspect-dependent levels of understanding models and modelling that have been developed in science education. Further, students’ understanding of the aspects nature of models, multiple models, purpose of models, testing models, and changing models has been assessed (N?=?1,180; 11 to 19 years old; secondary schools; Berlin, Germany). It is discussed to what extent the data support the notion of global or aspect-dependent levels of understanding models and modelling in science. The results suggest that students seem to have a complex and at least partly inconsistent pattern of understanding models. Furthermore, students with high nonverbal intelligence and good marks seem to have a comparatively more consistent and more elaborated understanding of models and modelling than weaker students. Recommendations for assessment in science education research and teaching practice are made.  相似文献   

Reframing and Articulating Socio-scientific Classroom Discourses on Genetic Testing from an STS Perspective     

Dirk Jan Boerwinkel  Tsjalling Swierstra  Arend Jan Waarlo 《Science & Education》2014,23(2):485-507

In recent decades, Science & Technology Studies (STS) have revealed the dynamic interaction between science and technology and society. Technology development is not an autonomous process and its artifacts are not socially inert. Society and technology shape each other. Technologies often have ‘soft impacts’ in terms of unpredicted side effects on individuals and society. Nevertheless, current societal discourse on technological innovations is still dominated by ‘hard impacts’ such as quantifiable risks for health, safety and the environment. Furthermore, participants in socio-scientific discourses often underestimate their agency in influencing technological innovations, and at the same time overestimate their freedom of choice to use a technology. Past debates on technological innovations have shown how these debates were framed and often caught in fruitless discourse patterns or arguments. Interventionist STS research experiments with solutions to this problem. Assuming that an STS perspective is helpful in reframing and articulating socio-scientific classroom discourses, the case of genetic testing is used to explore this. An important positive ‘hard impact’ of genetic testing is disease prevention. However, this is put into perspective by addressing ‘soft impacts’ such as limited access to certain careers based on genetic risk and changes in the conception of health and the perception of responsibility for one’s health. Discussion stoppers such as ‘playing God’ or ‘We can’t stop technological advancement’ can be challenged through uncovering underlying assumptions. The use of narratives and future scenarios in classrooms seems fruitful in provoking imagination and engaging students in public debates on technological innovations.  相似文献   

Highly innovative small technology firms,industrial clusters and firm internationalization     

Dirk Libaers  Martin Meyer 《Research Policy》2011,40(10):1426-1437

This study examines the role and differential impact of industrial clustering in the internationalization of small technology-based firms. Serial innovator firms are a set of small, long-lived technology-based firms with a stellar record of inventive success. In contrast, non-serial innovators are small technology-based firms with much weaker inventive capabilities. Using theoretical insights from the resource-based view and density dependence theory, we demonstrate that both serial and non-serial innovator firms benefit from rising levels of industrial clustering in their efforts to internationalize; however, non-serial innovators experience decreasing returns with increasing levels of clustering. In addition, our analysis indicates that overall serial innovator firms benefit more from industrial clustering in terms of internationalization than non-serial innovator firms. The underlying premise and contribution of this study is that all small technology-based firms are not the same and that serial innovators are more effective at leveraging cluster-based resources than non-serial innovators, even when they operate in the same industry. Policy implications for research and economic development are discussed.  相似文献   

Immersive Anatomy Atlas: Learning Factual Medical Knowledge in a Virtual Reality Environment     

Kilian Gloy  Paul Weyhe  Eric Nerenz  Maximilian Kaluschke  Verena Uslar  Gabriel Zachmann  Dirk Weyhe 《Anatomical sciences education》2022,15(2):360-368

In order to improve learning efficiency and memory retention in medical teaching, furthering active learning seems to be an effective alternative to classical teaching. One option to make active exploration of the subject matter possible is the use of virtual reality (VR) technology. The authors developed an immersive anatomy atlas which allows users to explore human anatomical structures interactively through virtual dissection. Thirty-two senior-class students from two German high schools with no prior formal medical training were separated into two groups and tasked with answering an anatomical questionnaire. One group used traditional anatomical textbooks and the other used the immersive virtual reality atlas. The time needed to answer the questions was measured. Several weeks later, the participants answered a similar questionnaire with different anatomical questions in order to test memory retention. The VR group took significantly less time to answer the questionnaire, and participants from the VR group had significantly better results over both tests. Based on the results of this study, VR learning seems to be more efficient and to have better long-term effects for the study of anatomy. The reason for that could lie in the VR environment's high immersion, and the possibility to freely and interactively explore a realistic representation of human anatomy. Immersive VR technology offers many possibilities for medical teaching and training, especially as a support for cadaver dissection courses.  相似文献   

Das lange Leben lernen     

Prof. James W. Vaupel Ph. D.  Dr. Dirk Hofäcker 《Zeitschrift für Erziehungswissenschaft》2009,12(3):383-407

In the industrialized world the probability of people reaching higher ages has risen substantially over the past decade. Falling birth and mortality rates have led to changes in the population structure. In Germany, the population will be aging rapidly over the next (decades), with the new demographic situation necessitating adjustment and re-orientation on the individual and socio-political level. We argue that the adjustment strategies should focus on the promotion of education across all phases of life and population groups. This applies to the issue of health, for example, since future strains on the social welfare system and macroeconomic performance are affected, among other factors, by the state of health of the growing number of elderly people. Education boosts health-promoting behavior, thus increasing the chances of an individual enjoying a long, active life. Besides, educational training and professional development are gaining importance owing to demographic change as the changes in the population structure will require individuals to work longer over their working lives and lead to a more even distribution of gainful employment across the life course. Education is a worthwhile investment, in particular as the prospects for long life are rising and because it enables people to lead their lives as responsible agents, to take charge of their personal individual and professional development, and to assure their livelihood.  相似文献   

Klassifikation von Leistungsprofilen im Handballsprungwurf     

Jörg M. Jäger  Dirk Büsch  Hermann Müller 《Sportwissenschaft》2018,48(1):129-135

The jump throw is one of the most applied techniques in handball. Therefore, analyzing its underlying performance factors is important since they may provide a basis to adjust training interventions. Currently, the coach decides what needs to be improved in order to enhance the overall performance of an athlete. The aim of this study is to break down the performance factors in jump throws and to assign athletes to subgroups. This classification should allow athletes to benefit from the resulting group-specific training contents and may support a coach in deciding about the next steps in his training program. A total of 113 male handball players (age 15 ± 0.38 years, height 184.07 ± 7.1?cm, weight 74.83 ± 9.31?kg) participated in this study. From each athlete the standing reach height (SRH), the jumping reach height achieved with a countermovement jump (JRH), the maximal ball height achieved with a handball-specific single-legged jump and straight arm (BHJ), and the ball release height achieved in a jump throw (BHT) were measured. Performance factors were derived as differences between these measurements (JRH ? SRH = UJA for unspecific jump ability, BHJ ? JRH = SJT for specific jump technique, BHT ? BHJ = STT for specific throwing technique). A hierarchical cluster analysis was used to find groups of athletes based on the derived and scaled difference measures (UJA, SJT, STT). The dendrogram shows a clear distinction of four groups of athletes. Average values within each cluster reveal (A) one group with high UJA values, (B) one with low UJA values, (C) one with high SJT but low STT, and (D) one with low SJT but high STT. These results may be interpreted with respect to consequences for training because group (B) seems to benefit most from a general strength training while the properties of group (A), (C), and (D) recommend a focus on technical aspects of performance.  相似文献   

Kieferchirurgische Operationsplanung mit Hilfe von Techniken der virtuellen Realit?t     

Dirk Siebert  Patrick Neumann  Armin Schulz  Gabriele Faulkner  Thomas Tolxdorff 《Informatik - Forschung und Entwicklung》2001,4(3):93-102

Für ein vollst?ndig computergestütztes Planungssystem zum Zwecke der kieferchirurgischen Operationsplanung ist die Bereitstellung von virtuellen Werkzeugen für den Chirurgen eine grundlegende Voraussetzung. Ausgehend von den Volumendaten mit Sch?del- und Kieferknochen des Patienten erm?glicht ein einfaches Interface unter Verwendung einer geeigneten Visualisierung und haptischer Eingabeger?te die interaktive Definition und Manipulation einzelner virtueller Knochensegmente. Wir haben moderne kraftrückgekoppelte Ger?te aus dem Niedrigpreisbereich eingebunden und auf ihre F?higkeit untersucht, das dreidimensionale Verst?ndnis im Planungsproze?durch Anlehnung an die Vorg?nge bei der chirurgischen Prozedur zu erh?hen. Durch diese Eingabeger?te ist es m?glich, die Knochensegmentierung für eine Osteotomie des Unterkiefers intuitiver und schneller durchzuführen. Die definierten Teilvolumina ergeben zusammen mit ihrer r?umlichen Neuanordnung auf Grundlage einer kephalometrischen Analyse einen Operationsplan. Nach erfolgter Planung werden die Planungsergebnisse in den Operationssaal übertragen. Die intraoperativen Techniken beinhalten die Visualisierung der Planungsergebnisse, die Steuerung der Anwendung über Sprache und die Bestimmung der Patientenposition mittels eines elektromagnetischen 3D-Trackingsystems.  相似文献   

Neuropsychological treatment of dyslexia: does type of treatment matter?     

Lorusso ML  Facoetti A  Bakker DJ 《Journal of learning disabilities》2011,44(2):136-149

In this study, 123 children with a diagnosis of developmental dyslexia were assigned to different treatment groups, either variations of Bakker's intervention program based on the balance model or a control, a specific reading training group. Thorough cognitive and neuropsychological assessment allowed determination of the subtype of dyslexia according to the balance model and the neuropsychological profile with respect to reading and spelling abilities, verbal memory, and phonemic awareness. Characteristics of hemisphere-specific stimulation were systematically manipulated in an effort to shed light on the bases and mechanisms of reading improvement. It was shown that the effects of treatment vary according to type of dyslexia and that the different intervention programs have differential effects on reading-related neuropsychological functions. Since opposite effects can be produced by the same type of treatment in different dyslexia subtypes, the results of the study suggest that accurate classification of subtype on the base of reading and reading-related variables is advantageous for an optimal planning of the therapy.  相似文献   

The mystery of cognitive structure and how we can detect it: tracking the development of cognitive structures over time     

Dirk Ifenthaler  Iskandaria Masduki  Norbert M. Seel 《Instructional Science》2011,39(1):41-61

  相似文献   

Das AutoMoDe-Projekt
Modellbasierte Entwicklung softwareintensiver Systeme im Automobil     

Andreas Bauer  Manfred Broy  Jan Romberg  Bernhard Sch?tz  Peter Braun  Ulrich Freund  Nuria Mata  Robert Sandner  Pierre Mai  Dirk Ziegenbein 《Informatik - Forschung und Entwicklung》2007,48(2):45-57

Die Entwicklung eingebetteter Software für Automobile ist inh?rent komplex und vereint verschiedene Entwicklungsphasen, mehrere fachliche Disziplinen, sowie verschiedene Akteure in beteiligten Unternehmen. Der AutoMoDe-Ansatz zur Entwicklung automotiver Software beschreibt Systeme auf verschiedenen Abstraktionsebenen und definiert schrittweise überg?nge zwischen diesen Ebenen. Neben der Definition geeigneter Ebenen werden zur Modellierung von Echtzeitsystemen ein einheitliches Berechnungsmodell sowie dom?nenspezifische Beschreibungstechniken verwendet. Automatisierte Anbindungen für Analyse und Synthese komplexer Softwaresysteme mit dem Ziel eines konsistenzbetonten Entwicklungsprozesses wurden realisiert. Die beschriebenen Techniken wurden in den Werkzeugprototypen AutoFocus integriert und im Zusammenspiel mit einer Werkzeugkette demonstriert.  相似文献