Philip Cooke and Luciana Lazzeretti (eds): Creative Cities,Cultural Clusters and Local Economic Development     

Frank G. van Oort 《Journal of Cultural Economics》2008,32(3):237-240

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Stress and cognitive functioning in sport     

J G Jones  L Hardy 《Journal of sports sciences》1989,7(1):41-63

This paper considers the relationship between stress and cognitive functioning and discusses some of the concepts and methods that may be adopted to examine the relationship between stress and sports performance. It considers only that literature that may be relevant to, or furthers, the understanding of sports performance under competitive stress. One of the most popular approaches has been to explain the relationship in terms of the unidimensional inverted-U hypothesis. The validity of this approach to explaining sports performances in specific situations is discussed and it is generally concluded that the inverted-U hypothesis is too vague and simplistic. The discussion considers multidimensional approaches and discusses the suitability and implications of some more recent and more complex models of stress and performance which are now available in the psychological literature. It is concluded that the relationship between stress and sports performance is an extremely complex one and involves the interaction between the nature of the stressor, the cognitive demands of the task being performed and the psychological characteristics of the individuals performing it.  相似文献   

Endurance running performance in athletes with asthma   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

W Freeman  C Williams  M G Nute 《Journal of sports sciences》1990,8(2):103-117

Laboratory assessment was made during maximal and submaximal exercise on 16 endurance trained male runners with asthma (aged 35 +/- 9 years) (mean +/- S.D.). Eleven of these asthmatic athletes had recent performance times over a half-marathon, which were examined in light of the results from the laboratory tests. The maximum oxygen uptake (VO2max) of the group was 61.8 +/- 6.3 ml kg-1 min-1 and the maximum ventilation (VEmax) was 138.7 +/- 24.7 l min-1. These maximum cardio-respiratory responses to exercise were positively correlated to the degree of airflow obstruction, defined as the forced expiratory volume in 1 s (expressed as a percentage of predicted normal). The half-marathon performance times of 11 of the athletes ranged from those of recreational to elite runners (82.4 +/- 8.8 min, range 69-94). Race pace was correlated with VO2max (r = 0.863, P less than 0.01) but the highest correlation was with the running velocity at a blood lactate concentration of 2 mmol l-1 (r = 0.971, P less than 0.01). The asthmatic athletes utilized 82 +/- 4% VO2max during the half-marathon, which was correlated with the %VO2max at 2 mmol l-1 blood lactate (r = 0.817, P less than 0.01). The results of this study suggest that athletes with mild to moderate asthma can possess high VO2max values and can develop a high degree of endurance fitness, as defined by their ability to sustain a high percentage of VO2max over an endurance race. In athletes with more severe airflow obstruction, the maximum ventilation rate may be reduced and so VO2max may be impaired. The athletes in the present study have adapted to this limitation by being able to sustain a higher %VO2max before the accumulation of blood lactate, which is an advantage during an endurance race. Therefore, with appropriate training and medication, asthmatics can successfully participate in endurance running at a competitive level.  相似文献   

S S Pillai: 5 April 1901–31 August 1950     

B. Sury 《Resonance》2004,9(6):2-3

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The solution of steady-state problems in dielectric,magnetically permeable,and conducting media,with special reference to mathematical analogies between magnetic problems and current-flow problems     

W.F.G. Swann 《Journal of The Franklin Institute》1932,213(2):155-170

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A demographic profile of the closed-caption television audience     

C Jensema 《American annals of the deaf》1987,132(6):389-392

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Reflections on Sidney Hook     

Robert Hessen  Ernest Benjamin Hook  John H. Bunzel  Ralph G. Ross  Milorad M. Drachkovitch  Yin Lujun 《Academic Questions》1989,3(1):9-23

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Assisted assessment: a taxonomy of approaches and an outline of strengths and weaknesses   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

J C Campione 《Journal of learning disabilities》1989,22(3):151-165

Traditional approaches to both the assessment of student abilities and the design of instructional programs have recently come under strong attack. Of particular concern to many is the nature of the link between assessment and instruction. Some of the criticisms are reviewed, and a set of alternative approaches designed to overcome the difficulties is presented. The major focus is on dynamic, as opposed to static, assessment. A major feature of these approaches is the provision, to the student, of some form of assistance designed to influence performance and hence reveal students' potential for change. Within this general approach, specific applications differ along three dimensions. The first, focus, refers to the goal of evaluating change itself or the processes presumed to underlie change. The second, intervention, refers to the fact that the assistance included in the assessment can be given in either a standardized or clinical fashion. And the third, target, reflects the fact that assessment can be aimed at either domain-general or domain-specific skills. The distinct approaches that have been developed are categorized, and their respective strengths and weaknesses discussed. Suggestions for future research are made.  相似文献   

Cardiovascular and ventilatory responses during formalized T'ai Chi Chuan exercise   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

D D Brown  W G Mucci  R K Hetzler  R G Knowlton 《Research quarterly for exercise and sport》1989,60(3):246-250

T'ai Chi Chuan (TCC) is a widely practiced Chinese martial art said to physically develop balance and coordination as well as enhance emotional and mental health. TCC consists of a series of postures combined into a sequential movement providing a smooth, continuous, low-intensity activity. The purpose of this study was to examine the ventilatory and cardiovascular responses to the Long Form of Yang's style TCC. In addition, the subjects' TCC responses were compared to their ventilatory and cardiovascular responses during cycle ergometry at an oxygen consumption (VO2) equivalent to the mean TCC VO2. Six experienced (M = 8.3 yrs) male TCC practitioners served as subjects with data collected during the Cloud H and movement of the TCC exercise. Significantly (p less than .05) lower responses for ventilatory frequency (Vf) (11.3 and 15.7 breaths.min-1), ventilatory equivalent (VE/VO2) (23.47 and 27.41), and the ratio of dead space ventilation to tidal volume (VD/VT) (20 and 27%) were found in TCC in comparison to cycle ergometry. The percentage of minute ventilation used for alveolar ventilation was significantly higher during TCC (p less than .03) than cycle ergometry, with mean values of 81.1% and 73.1%, respectively. Cardiac output, stroke volume, and heart rate were not significantly different between TCC exercise and cycle ergometry at the same oxygen consumption. We concluded that, during TCC, expert practitioners show significantly different ventilatory responses leading to more efficient use of the ventilatory volume than would be expected from comparable levels of exertion on a cycle ergometer.  相似文献   

Validity of a near-infrared spectrophotometry device for estimating human body composition     

R G Israel  J A Houmard  K F O'Brien  M R McCammon  B S Zamora  A W Eaton 《Research quarterly for exercise and sport》1989,60(4):379-383

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