博士生独立研究能力的形塑过程及养成策略——基于情境领导理论的模型建构与分析     

赵阔  张海生 《学位与研究生教育》2023,(3):71-79

独立研究能力作为博士生应具备的关键能力之一,尚未得到足够重视和有效培养。基于情境领导理论,从任务难度设置、导生关系状态和博士生自身的科研能力水平三个维度构建了导师指导行为与博士生独立研究能力养成的交互分析框架,并由此形成了指示型、劝导型、参与型和赋权型等四种博士生指导方式的理想类型。博士生独立研究能力的养成是一个导生关系的动态调试过程。博士生的独立研究能力是在导师选择适切的指导方式、师生个体不断转换角色与互动方式的过程中得以形塑的。为此,一方面导师需要提升自身的领导力,学会识别学生的成长变化,并及时调整指导行为、任务难度和人际关系模式;另一方面,学生需要提升自我认知和定位的能力,增强自主学习、挑战自我的主体意识,摆脱依赖心理,自觉保持与导师之间的张力空间。  相似文献   

Relationships Among Teachers’ Positive Discipline,Students’ Well-being and Teachers’ Effective Teaching: A Study of Special Education Teachers and Adolescent Students With Learning Disabilities in Taiwan     

Wen-Ling Wang  Chang-Yuan Kuo 《International Journal of Disability, Development & Education》2019,66(1):82-98

The authors proposed a positive discipline, well-being and teaching effectiveness model that suggested that teachers’ positive discipline would facilitate students’ well-being and effective teaching, and students’ well-being would play a mediating role in the association between positive discipline and teaching effectiveness. The model was tested by including 255 resource room teachers (mean age = 32.71 years, SD = 7.09) and 255 matched adolescent students with learning disabilities (mean age = 14.06 years, SD = .74). Teachers responded to a scale for rating positive discipline strategies, and adolescents completed a students’ well-being questionnaire and a students’ awareness of teachers’ teaching effectiveness questionnaire. To evaluate the fit between the collected data and the proposed model, structural equation modelling was used to analyse the data. The results supported the proposed model and revealed that the link between teachers’ repertoire of positive discipline strategies and their students’ perception of teaching effectiveness was partially mediated by students’ well-being. Thus, the authors suggest that instead of eliminating individual student misbehaviours, teachers should focus more on positive classroom management, which is linked to improved outcomes for students and teachers.  相似文献   

太阳轮刚度对行星机构浮动量影响规律的研究     

王娟  苏阔  马安帮  李同杰 《安徽科技学院学报》2021,35(2):67-73

目的:以某2K-H型行星齿轮机构为研究对象,建立行星齿轮机构的力学模型并推导其运动微分方程.方法:参照该行星齿轮机构给定的基本参数,研究太阳轮支撑刚度对行星轮系中心件的浮动量的影响.结果:通过数值仿真计算发现太阳轮支撑刚度对太阳轮浮动量有显著影响.太阳轮的的浮动量会随着太阳轮支撑刚度的减小会明显增大.结论:对2K-H型行星齿轮机构的动态优化设计.  相似文献   

中国针茅属分类、分布和生态的初步研究   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

郭本兆  孙永华 《中国科学院研究生院学报》1982,20(1):34-44

 24 species and 4 varietes of genus Stipa L. of China have been studied and des- cribed in this paper.  It has been noted that  these  different  species  have various geographical distributions, depending on the changes of climatic and edaphic factors of their environments.  Based on the study of floral morphology together with ecolo- gical and distributional factors, the genus have been divided into 5 sections: 1.  Sect. Regelia Tzvel. 2. Sect. Leiostipa Dum. 3. Sect. Barbatae Junge 4. Sect. Stipa 5. Sect. Smirnovia Tzvel.       It should be pointed out that the section Regelia as well as two members of sec- tion Barbatae, S. purpurea and S. roborowskyi, belong to frigori-xerophilous ecotype, distributing over Qinghai-Xizang Plateau above the forest line.  The section Leiostipa belongs to euxerophilous and mesoxerophilous ecotype, distributing widely in north- west, southwest, northeast and east and extends to the forest-steppe vegetational Zone of China.  The section Smirnovia and other two members  of section Barbatae,  S. breviflora and S. orientalis, belong to euxerophilous ecotype, with the latitudinal dis- tribution as far as Nei-Mongo and the yellow soil plateau, with the altitudinal distribu- tion as far as the desert steppe of Sinkang and Qinghai-Xizang plateau.  The section Stipa belongs to euxerophilous ecotype, only distributes to the  mountain steppe  of north Xingkang and the last, section Barbatae is an artificial group having plumes overof the awn only, and its four species have already been mentioned above.  相似文献   

我国小麦族的形态演化与分类、分布的研究   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

郭本兆  王世金  李健华 《中国科学院研究生院学报》1985,23(3):161-169

本文以演化形态为基础，结合地理分布和生境条件，研究了中国小麦族的分类和属   间的亲缘关系。 小麦族的穗状花序可认为由雀麦族的圆锥花序和短柄草族的总状花序演化而来，演化路 线可归纳为：1．圆锥花序的各级花序柄缩短直接形成圆锥穗状花序，具不定数小穗或假单生小穗，其颖与外稃的中线及小穗轴不在同一面上。2．圆锥花序简化为总状花序后小穗柄再缩短，形成简单穗状花序，具真单生小穗，其颖、稃的中线与小穗轴处于同一面上。 3．聚伞圆锥花序简缩为聚伞穗状花序，具三联小穗，其居中小穗的颖位于外稃的背面，侧小穗的颖位于外稃 的侧面。据此，根据小麦族颖、外稃的形态和其它性状、生境、分布，国产的和引种的小麦族植物可分为13个属(赖草属、披碱草属、鹅观草属、偃麦草属、山羊草属、小麦属、冰草属、旱麦草属、黑麦属、簇毛麦属、新麦草属、大麦属和猬草属)，本文主要讨论了它们之间的亲缘关系。  相似文献   

The cost efficiency impact of the university operation fund on public universities in Taiwan     

Jenn-Shyong Kuo  Yi-Cheng Ho   《Economics of Education Review》2008,27(5):603-612

This study uses the stochastic frontier multiple-product cost function that is modeled after Battese and Coelli [Battese, G. E., & Coelli, T. J. (1995). A model for technical inefficiency effects in a stochastic frontier production for panel data. Empirical Economics 20(2), 325–332.] in order to empirically measure the cost efficiency of the University Operation Fund (UOF) on Taiwan's public universities.The original purpose of the UOF's implementation was to reduce the government's financial burden by increasing cost efficiency in higher education institutions. By nature, the UOF differs from the traditional governmental budget regimes in three major respects. First of all, institutional operations and programs are no longer fully funded by government appropriations. Secondly, the universities can now retain surplus resources. Finally, the regulations on the use of funds raised by each institution itself are now less cumbersome. These differences provide universities with incentives for higher cost-efficiency and more active fund-raising.The empirical results from our study, which are based on panel data gathered from 34 public universities during the academic years 1992–2000, suggest that the adoption of the UOF has had a significantly negative impact on cost efficiency.  相似文献   

An international collaborative investigation of beginning seventh grade students' understandings of scientific inquiry: Establishing a baseline     

Judith Lederman  Norman Lederman  Selina Bartels  Juan Jimenez  Mark Akubo  Shereen Aly  Chengcheng Bao  Estelle Blanquet  Ron Blonder  Mariana Bologna Soares de Andrade  Catherine Buntting  Mustafa Cakir  Heba EL-Deghaidy  Ahmed ElZorkani  Estelle Gaigher  Shuchen Guo  Arvi Hakanen  Soraya Hamed Al-Lal  Cigdem Han-Tosunoglu  Annemarie Hattingh  Anne Hume  Serhat Irez  Gillian Kay  Ozgur Kivilcan Dogan  Kerstin Kremer  Pi-Chu Kuo  Jari Lavonen  Shu-Fen Lin  Cheng Liu  Enshan Liu  Shiang-Yao Liu  Bin Lv  Rachel Mamlok-Naaman  Christine McDonald  Irene Neumann  Yaozhen Pan  Eric Picholle  Ana Rivero García  Carl-Johan Rundgren  David Santibáñez-Gómez  Kathy Saunders  Renee Schwartz  Frauke Voitle  Jakob von Gyllenpalm  Fangbing Wei  Jocelyn Wishart  Zhifeng Wu  Huang Xiao  Yalcin Yalaki  Qiaoxue Zhou 《科学教学研究杂志》2019,56(4):486-515

Although understandings of scientific inquiry (as opposed to conducting inquiry) are included in science education reform documents around the world, little is known about what students have learned about inquiry during their elementary school years. This is partially due to the lack of any assessment instrument to measure understandings about scientific inquiry. However, a valid and reliable assessment has recently been developed and published, Views About Scientific Inquiry (VASI; Lederman et al. [2014], Journal of Research in Science Teaching, 51, 65–83). The purpose of this large-scale international project was to collect the first baseline data on what beginning middle school students have learned about scientific inquiry during their elementary school years. Eighteen countries/regions spanning six continents including 2,634 students participated in the study. The participating countries/regions were: Australia, Brazil, Chile, Egypt, England, Finland, France, Germany, Israel, Mainland China, New Zealand, Nigeria, South Africa, Spain, Sweden, Taiwan, Turkey, and the United States. In many countries, science is not formally taught until middle school, which is the rationale for choosing seventh grade students for this investigation. This baseline data will simultaneously provide information on what, if anything, students learn about inquiry in elementary school, as well as their beginning knowledge as they enter secondary school. It is important to note that collecting data from all of the approximately 200 countries globally was not humanly possible, and it was also not possible to collect data from every region of each country. The results overwhelmingly show that students around the world at the beginning of grade seven have very little understandings about scientific inquiry. Some countries do show reasonable understandings in certain aspects but the overall picture of understandings of scientific inquiry is not what is hoped for after completing 6 years of elementary education in any country.  相似文献   

论高校校园文化育人功能的实效性途径     

廖阔  刘龙昌 《江西教育学院学报》2012,33(6):142-144

校园文化建设作为高校大学生教育的有效载体,是高校全面育人不可或缺的重要环节,其＂软约束性＂的教育引导功能日益凸显,研究、分析校园文化育人所面临的新问题、新情况,构建与时俱进、满足师生需求文化育人的实效性途径。这不仅具有理论的探讨意义,更具有现实的实践意义。  相似文献   

Collaborative Reasoning: Expanding Ways for Children to Talk and Think in School     

Ann-Marie Clark  Richard C. Anderson  Li-jen Kuo  Il-Hee Kim  Anthi Archodidou  Kim Nguyen-Jahiel 《Educational Psychology Review》2003,15(2):181-198

This article presents a framework to help teachers facilitate small group discussions about stories children read. Collaborative reasoning discussions are intended to create a forum for children to listen to one another think out loud as they learn to engage in reasoned argumentation. Children use personal experiences and evidence from the stories to support their conclusions and consider each other's points of view. Excerpts from an ongoing study of 12 fourth-grade classrooms in rural, urban, and suburban settings are used to illustrate four characteristics of cognitive reasoning: (1) children's response to text; (2) children's use of text to consider multiple possibilities; (3) children's use of tools for persuading others; and (4) children's control of topic and turn-taking.  相似文献   

Breast metastasis from small cell lung carcinoma     

Luh SP  Kuo C  Tsao TC 《Journal of Zhejiang University. Science. B》2008,9(1):39-43

Breast metastases from extramammary neoplasms are very rare. We presented a 66 year-old female with metastasis of small cell lung carcinoma to the breast. She presented with consolidation over the left upper lobe of her lung undetermined after endobronchial or video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS) biopsy, and this was treated effectively after antibiotic therapy at initial stage. The left breast lumps were noted 4 months later, and she underwent a modified radical mastectomy under the impression of primary breast carcinoma. However, the subsequent chest imaging revealed re-growing mass over the left mediastinum and hilum, and cells with the same morphological and staining features were found from specimens of transbronchial brushing and biopsy. An accurate diagnosis to distinguish a primary breast carcinoma from metastatic one is very important because the therapeutic planning and the outcome between them are different.  相似文献