Perceptions of Physical Competence,Motor Competence,and Participation in Organized Sport: Their Interrelationships in Young Children     

Beverly D. Ulrich 《Research quarterly for exercise and sport》2013,84(1):57-67

Abstract

This study examined the interrelationships among perceived physical competence, motor competence, and participation in organized sport in young children. Males and females in Grades K through 4 (n = 250) were given The Perceived Competence Scale for Children (Harter, 1979) or The Pictoral Scale for Perceived Competence and Social Acceptance for Young Children (Harter, Pike, Efron, Chao, & Bierer, 1983), a 9-item motor competence assessment battery, and a questionnaire regarding their participation in sport. Results revealed that perceived physical competence for children in these grade levels was not significantly related to their participation in organized sport programs. Motor competence was significantly related to participation in that participants in organized sport programs performed selected gross motor tasks better than did nonparticipants. Further, children's reported perceptions of physical competence were significantly related to their demonstrated motor competence. Discussion focused on the theoretical and practical implications of the results.  相似文献   

Sind Sportreporter die objektiveren Beobachter?     

Prof. Dr. Ulrich Rosar  Dr. Jörg Hagenah  Prof. Dr. Markus Klein 《Sportwissenschaft》2013,43(3):206-221

There is ample evidence in the social psychological literature that the physical attractiveness of people influences their success in various areas of life. However, it cannot always be assumed that attractive people are really more productive. Rather the interaction partners and decision makers in the context of the respective social actions simply treat attractive people better. Giving such unsubstantiated privileges to attractive people is especially likely when no objective performance standards exist and the criteria for the performance assessment are not transparent. Because performance is well documented in professional sports and can be measured relatively objectively, 483 professional football (soccer) players of 18 teams in the German professional football league during the 2007/2008 season were included to determine how their attractiveness affects the assessment of their performance by sports reporters and trainers. The results show that in the judgment of objective performance sports reporters are not substantially influenced by the attraction of the players, while there is certainly an influence of the trainers’ judgment. This is attributed to the greater transparency and the greater adherence to the rules of journalistic judgment.  相似文献   

Sympathoadrenal and parasympathetic responses to exercise     

Niels Holmqvist  Niels H. Secher  Kåre Sander‐Jensen  Ulrich Knigge  J⊘rgen Warberg  Thue W. Schwartz 《Journal of sports sciences》2013,31(2):123-128

Exhaustive exercise is associated with a persistent sensation of weakness and sometimes nausea suggesting abdominal vagal activity. We measured plasma indices of sympathoadrenal (adrenaline, noradrenaline, dopamine) and vagal (pancreatic polypeptide) activity before, during and after submaximal and maximal exercise in healthy young subjects. Plasma adrenaline, noradrenaline and dopamine increased to 8.5 (range 7.4–40.5), 48.0 (32.3–100.5) and 1.8 (1.2–6.6) nmol l^–1 respectively (n = 5), during maximal exercise and decreased towards control values within 15 min of rest. Pancreatic polypeptide (n = 10) increased only during maximal exercise and reached its highest value, 48 (21–145) pmol l^–1, after exertion. The results conform to an increase in sympathetic activity during exercise and a persistent vagal activity after intense exercise which could contribute to the sensation of weakness.  相似文献   

James A. Shapiro: Evolution. A View from the Twenty-First Century     

Ulrich Kutschera 《Science & Education》2013,22(5):1287-1289

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The relationship between homework time and achievement is not universal: evidence from multilevel analyses in 40 countries     

Swantje Dettmers  Ulrich Trautwein  Oliver Lüdtke 《School Effectiveness & School Improvement》2013,24(4):375-405

Although homework is generally believed to be an important supplement to in-school learning, research has not yet fully clarified the relationship between homework and achievement. This cross-cultural study analyzed the relationship between homework time and mathematics achievement drawing on data from 231,759 students in 9,791 schools and 40 countries who participated in the Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) 2003. Multilevel analyses found a positive association between school-average homework time and mathematics achievement in almost all countries, but the size of the association decreased considerably once socioeconomic background and school track were controlled. At the student level, no clear-cut relationship was established between homework time and achievement across the 40 countries. The results highlight the need to use multilevel analyses and to control for confounding variables in homework research.  相似文献   

Sport Management as a Potential Cross-Discipline: A Paradigm for Theoretical development,Scientific inquiry,and Professional Application     

Bonnie L. Parkhouse  David O. Ulrich 《Quest (Human Kinetics)》2013,65(2):264-276

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通过共享实验室提高教学质量     

Borgolte Ulrich  刘月圆 《天津电大学报》2009,13(1):11-15,24

当前使用的大多数电子学习材料都是基于对多数学生面授辅导的讲稿,而没有把学习者的不同情况考虑在内。有的学习者没有与教师直接或非直接接触的途径。还有一些印刷材料,因为通过视频授课而使质量有所提升。此外,许多电子学习材料所使用的图示和例子与现实情况毫无关联。有时,电子材料中会有动态模拟器,但是许多动态模拟器既不能激励学生学习,也不能激发学生的学习兴趣。尤其在工程科学领域,这种方法是有缺陷的。工程学是理论知识和实践经验的结合,实践经验是处理复杂系统的行为活动。在传统教学中,这种经验是在实验室中获得。而对于远程教学,到目前为止,在教学中融入实验有两种选择：学生使用真实实验室或是进行模拟实验。前者需要花费时间和金钱;后者却缺少对系统的真实“感觉”。本文介绍的项目有助于克服在远程教学中存在的一些缺陷。本文描述的新方法是建立在理论文本、视频、动画、模拟器和远距离使用真实实验室的密切联系之上。用于实验的技术系统选取工业厂房的典型部分。五个真实实验室已经建立起来,全部通过互联网向学生开放。这些实验室使得用户能够深化对培训教材理论的理解,并且能够利用实际应用测试用户知识,这些不需要用户去工业厂房就可以实现。这些实验室都经过仔细挑选,可以精确解释理论课程的内容,其难度与用户实际需要相适应。尽管用户无法进入实验室,但是他们有合适的工具支持,可以获取完成任务所需要的所有信息。  相似文献   

Chameleon effects in homework research: The homework–achievement association depends on the measures used and the level of analysis chosen     

Ulrich Trautwein  Inge Schnyder  Alois Niggli  Marko Neumann  Oliver Lüdtke 《Contemporary educational psychology》2009

Using a data set specifically tailored to homework research, with a sample of 1275 students from 70 classes in Switzerland, the association between homework and achievement in French as a second language was tested at three levels (class level, between-student level, and within-student level). The strength and direction of the homework–achievement association depended on the homework indicator chosen and differed to some degree across analytical levels. At the class level, achievement was higher in classes set frequent homework assignments and in classes where students reported low overall levels of negative emotions when doing homework. At the between-student level, high individual homework effort and low levels of negative homework emotions predicted favorable developments in French achievement, whereas high homework time predicted lower achievement. At the intraindividual level, high homework effort, high homework time, and low levels of negative homework emotions were statistically significantly associated with positive student evaluations of the learning gains from the specific assignment.  相似文献   

Social Dominance in Adolescence: The Moderating Role of the Classroom Context and Behavioral Heterogeneity     

Kathrin Jonkmann  Ulrich Trautwein  Oliver Lüdtke 《Child development》2009,80(2):338-355

This study investigates socially dominant adolescents: students who are actively involved in establishing peer norms, influence their classmates' opinions, and are often the center of attention. Data from 5,468 seventh graders ( M age = 13.3; 53% girls) in 266 classrooms were used to examine how social dominance relates to achievement, peer acceptance and rejection, self-perception, and deviance and to investigate contextual moderators of these associations. Multilevel analyses confirmed social dominance to be associated with both positive and negative adjustment. Moreover, the associations with achievement and disruptive behavior were moderated by the normativeness of these behaviors within the classroom. Finally, latent profile analyses revealed 4 distinct types of highly dominant students, 2 well adjusted and 2 poorly adjusted.  相似文献   

Experiencing churches as spiritual and religious places: a study on children’s emotions in church buildings during scholastic field trips     

Katharina Kindermann  Ulrich Riegel 《British Journal of Religious Education》2018,40(2):136-147

Going on a field trip to the church, pupils can experience lived religion. But how do they feel during such a church visit? In this paper, we analyse statements of 516 German third graders (about 8 years old) made after they had visited their local church on a field trip. Using affective schema theory, we develop a conceptual model of emotions in churches that serves as theoretical framework for our quantitative content analysis. All in all, the vast majority of the participants report about positive feelings during their church visit. Moreover, it is one-third of the children who show spiritual or religious references in their statements. They talk about personal peace and comfort during the visit, or describe the church as a place to pray and experience the presence of God. Regression analysis identifies that it is the religiously educated children who express such references. Furthermore, children with high centrality of religiosity tend to choose traditional religious concepts, symbols and practices to express reference. These results are mostly in line with relevant theory from sociology of religion and primarily support the concept of subjective turn in religion.  相似文献