INTRODUCTION π-conjugated polymers have received a great deal of attention because of their unique chemical and physical properties, including electrochromism, electrically conducting properties, chemical sensing ability, and electroluminescent properties. Their structures, synthetic methodologies, and physical and chemical properties were intensely studied in the past two decades (Friend et al., 1999; Heeger, 2001; Ya-mamoto, 2002). Especially, processable derivatives of polythiophene … 相似文献
In the individual road cycling discipline known as a time-trial, variable power pacing under variable grade conditions leads to improved performance. However, it is unclear whether these power variations result in an optimal finishing time. Typical pacing strategies use an average power constraint, which requires maintaining a constant speed regardless of grade fluctuations; however, this is physiologically infeasible for cyclists. We used an exponentially weighted average (EWA) power constraint in which a nonlinear relationship between the power output and physiological cost was assumed. We defined the optimal pacing (OP) strategy by minimizing the total cycling time subject to the EWA power constraint, and set the EWA of the power output of both the OP and constant power (CP) strategies to the same baseline value. The model showed that the OP strategy outperformed the CP strategy in terms of minimizing the finishing time under variable grade conditions, the power distribution of the OP strategy was identical to that of the CP strategy under constant grade conditions, and the average power output of the OP strategy was always lower than that of the CP strategy under variable grade conditions. Numerical simulations were performed on two hypothetical 40-km courses using both the CP and OP strategies. We found that under variable grade conditions, the time-saving rates of the OP strategy relative to the CP strategy were 2.7 and 2.8% for the two simulated courses. 相似文献
Japan’s Social Thinking and Academic Readiness Training (START) program Academic Readiness (AR) lesson aims to improve self-regulation, executive function, and behavior problems in kindergarten children, but the effects of the START program AR lessons in unfavorable circumstances are unclear. Therefore, this study investigated the effects of the START program AR lesson in affected areas after the Great East Japan Earthquake. A cluster randomized trial was conducted with 111 5-year-old children in two kindergartens in Miyagi Prefecture to evaluate the effectiveness of the six-week AR lesson. One kindergarten was randomly chosen to implement the AR lesson, and the other maintained standard education. In the intervention group, trained classroom teachers provided the children with a 20-min AR lesson once a week. Executive function, behavioral self-regulation, and internalizing and externalizing problem behaviors were measured before and after the six-week intervention. The intervention group showed improved inhibitory control and enhanced behavioral self-regulation compared with the standard practice group. In addition, teachers’ evaluations showed that children’s internalizing and externalizing problem behaviors improved significantly. The results indicate that the START program AR lesson was effective in enabling teachers to help students improve executive function, self-regulation, and problematic behaviors. Therefore, educators and policy-makers should consider implementing the START program AR lesson in kindergartens after a disaster.
Despite recent societal changes, the stereotyped images of men as providers and women as homemakers are prevalent on Japanese television. The purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between television viewing and attitudes toward the traditional gender-role notion that men work outside and women take care of the family and home. Data from the Japanese General Social Surveys from 2000 to 2008 indicate that television viewing is positively related to traditional gender-role attitudes. Data also reveal mainstreaming patterns by sex, age, education, and political orientation. Further, the observed cultivation and mainstreaming patterns were not contingent upon time. Implications are discussed in terms of the role of television in the realization of a gender-equal society in Japan. 相似文献
It is difficult for humans to apply small amounts of force precisely during motor control. However, experts who have undergone extended training are thought to be able to control low-velocity movement with precision. We investigated the resolution of motor control in golf putting. A total of 10 professional and 10 high-level amateur golfers participated. Putting distances were 0.6–3.3 m, in increments of 0.3 m. We measured the impact velocity and the club-face angle at impact, and the acceleration profile of the downswing. The professionals showed significantly smaller coefficients of variation with respect to impact velocity and smaller root mean square errors in relation to acceleration profiles than did the amateurs. To examine the resolution of motor control for impact velocity, we investigated intra-participant differences in the impact velocity of the club head at two adjacent distances. We found that professionals had higher velocity precision when putting small distance intervals than did amateurs. That is, professionals had higher resolution of low-velocity control than did high-level amateurs. Our results suggest that outstanding performance at a task involves the ability to recognise small distinctions and to produce appropriate movements. 相似文献
