Bodies as bearers of value: the transmission of jock culture via the ‘Twelve Commandments’     

Andrew C. Sparkes  Elizabeth Partington  David H. K. Brown 《Sport, Education and Society》2013,18(3):295-316

This article explores a number of insights generated from a three-year ethnographic study of one university setting in England in which a ‘jock culture’ is seen to dominate a student campus. Drawing on core concepts from Pierre Bourdieu's sociology of culture, it illustrates the unique function of the body in sustaining jock culture through the hierarchical ordering of bodies in institutional space. First, the development of this culture over time and the key dispositions that come to embody it are outlined. Next, the authors identify and illustrate the enactment of what they call the ‘Twelve Commandments’. These operate as a series of structured and structuring practices to condition the bodies of group members by appropriating an idealized and internalized jock habitus that is not gender neutral. Rather, it can be seen as a practical and symbolic manifestation of a dominant, heterosexual, masculine orientation to the world. The authors suggest that in spite of seemingly significant processes of accommodation over the years, the ‘illusio’ of this jock culture remains substantially intact and maintained through a combination of the following: (a) symbolic violence and (b) a systematic embodied complicity on the part of many of the actors who have something to gain by avoiding active subordination to, and exclusion from, the dominant group.  相似文献   

Performance tolerance and boat set‐up in elite sprint Kayaking     

Kuan Ong  Bruce Elliott  Tim Ackland  Andrew Lyttle 《Sports biomechanics / International Society of Biomechanics in Sports》2013,12(1):77-94

The aim of this study was to examine the inter‐relationship between athlete morphology, equipment set‐up and performance in elite sprint kayaking. Correlations applied to data from the 2000 Olympics were used to select the most important links between morphology and boat set‐up — paddle grip width and foot‐bar distance. Associations between body size and the above selected equipment set‐ups were calculated using a Pearson correlation matrix, to facilitate the logical selection of independent variables as input for regression analyses. Significant (p < 0.01) regression equations were developed for the prediction of foot‐bar distance (r² = 0.589: standard error of estimate (SEE) = 4.48) and paddle grip width (r² = 0.541: SEE = 3.08). Three national‐standard sprint kayakers used their preferred set‐up together with modifications of their predicted set‐up, derived from Olympic data, to test performance tolerance in sprint kayaking. Mean coefficients of multiple determination over three trials for the three paddlers of 0.91, 0.91 and 0.92 for left paddle force, right paddle force, and paddle angle at water entry, respectively, were recorded when using their preferred set‐up. These data showed that the paddlers produce consistent patterns of motion. The intervention of altering the boat set‐up resulted in varying changes to boat speed. The mean preferred speed for the three paddlers of 4.47 m/s was reduced by 0.07 and 0.10 m/s when the above boat set‐up was modified to a predicted and ‘predicted plus one standard deviation’ respectively. These changes in boat speed were the result of alterations in the mechanics of paddling technique.  相似文献   

Rowing     

Bruce Elliott  Andrew Lyttle  Olivia Birkett 《Sports biomechanics / International Society of Biomechanics in Sports》2013,12(2):123-134

The purpose of this study was to compare rowing technique on the dynamic RowPerfect ergometer with a single scull. Eight national‐level rowers performed on both the RowPerfect ergometer and in a single scull over 500 m, at rates of 24, 26, and 28 strokes/minute. Blade force and oar angle (on‐water) and handle force and stroke length (on the ergometer) were measured. Both force and stroke angle/length were normalised from 0 to 100 (where 100 was the peak value). Body positions of the subjects at both the catch and finish of each of these rowing strokes were also compared for each stroke rate. The coefficient of multiple determination (CMD) was used to measure the consistency of force curves over a sample of five sequential strokes for each rower. Cross‐correlations were performed between the left‐ and right‐ side on‐water sculling force curves and a mean of these values with the ergometer curve for each rower. Stroke angle/length, which did not vary with rate, was similar for both forms of rowing. The CMDs showed a high consistency across the normalised strokes of each subject (≈0.98). Cross‐correlation values of 0.91, 0.92, and 0.93 were recorded between the force curves from the ergometer and on‐water trials for stroke rates of 24, 26, and 28 strokes/minute, respectively. The mean trunk, thigh and lower leg angles at the catch and finish of the stroke were also similar across the stroke rates as determined by t‐tests. Results indicate that technique used on the RowPerfect ergometer was similar to that for on‐water sculling, thus validating its use in off‐water training.  相似文献   

Centre of pressure correlates with pyramid performance in acrobatic gymnastics     

Pablo Floría  Luis Arturo Gómez-Landero  Andrew J. Harrison 《Sports biomechanics / International Society of Biomechanics in Sports》2013,12(4):424-434

Acrobatic gymnasts need excellent balance control to execute pyramids where one gymnast is supported by another. The objectives of this study were: (1) to describe balance performance by assessing the centre of pressure displacement in a group of acrobatic gymnasts executing pyramids; (2) to determine the relationship between the parameters describing the centre of pressure oscillations and pyramid score; and (3) to examine the role of each foot in providing a solid base of support to maintain the balance of the pyramid. Sixteen acrobatic gymnasts grouped in pairs performed a Half pyramid and a Straddle pyramid held for 7 s on two force platforms. Path length, variance, range trajectory, and surface area of the centre of pressure of each foot were examined to analyse the balance of the pyramid. The path length was correlated with the pyramid score (Straddle: p = 0.692 [large]; Half: p = 0.407 [moderate]). There were differences in the functions of each leg to maintain balance, with the non-preferred leg supporting a higher weight of the pyramid while the preferred leg performed control movements to maintain balance. The results suggested that quantitative analysis of balance can provide important information on pyramid performance.  相似文献   

Within- and Between-Day Repeatability and Variability in Children's Physiological Responses During Submaximal Treadmill Exercise     

Paulo R. S. Amorim  Nuala Mary Byrne  Andrew P. Hills 《Research quarterly for exercise and sport》2013,84(3):575-582

The purpose of this study was to verify within- and between-day repeatability and variability in children's oxygen uptake (VO₂), gross economy (GE; VO₂ divided by speed) and heart rate (HR) during treadmill walking based on self-selected speed (SS). Fourteen children (10.1 ± 1.4 years) undertook three testing sessions over 2 days in which four walking speeds, including SS were tested. Within- and between-day repeatability were assessed using the Bland and Altman method, and coefficients of variability (CV) were determined for each child across exercise bouts and averaged to obtain a mean group CV value for VO₂, GE, and HR per speed. Repeated measures analysis of variance showed no statistically significant differences in within- or between-day CV for VO₂, GE, or HR at any speed. Repeatability within- and between-day for VO₂, GE, and HR for all speeds was verified. These results suggest that submaximal VO₂ during treadmill walking is stable and reproducible at a range of speeds based on children's SS.  相似文献   

The Effects of Training and Position on Judges' Ratings of a Gymnastic Event     

Deborah A. Stephenson  Andrew S. Jackson 《Research quarterly for exercise and sport》2013,84(1):177-180

The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of training and position on judges' ratings of a gymnastic event. Twenty-four women judged the performance of the squat vault by 40 college women. The judges were divided into four groups. Two groups received written training, and two groups, extensive training. After completing their training, one written group and one extensive group viewed the performances from the side of the vaulting box; the other two groups viewed from the front of the vaulting box. Judge position and judge training were found to have significant effects upon judges' ratings. Significantly lower ratings were given by the judges who viewed the vault from the front and had received extensive training.  相似文献   

Measurement Schedules of Sprint Running     

Andrew S. Jackson  Ted A. Baumgartner 《Research quarterly for exercise and sport》2013,84(4):708-711

Abstract

Four measures of elapsed time were secured on a sample of 76 male physical education majors during a 50-yd. sprint. The subjects were timed during two sprints and measurements were secured at 20, 30, 40, and 50 yd. Ten different measurement schedules were developed from the four measurements. Data revealed that the greatest source of measurement error existed in the first 20 yd. of the sprint. The intraclass reliability estimates of the 10 measurement schedules ranged from .79 to .98.  相似文献   

‘A conception of the beautiful’: C. L. R. James' Glasgow Herald cricket articles, 1937–1938     

Andrew Smith 《国际体育史杂志》2013,30(1):46-66

This article examines the series of cricket reports that C. L. R. James wrote during the seasons of 1937 and 1938 for The Glasgow Herald newspaper. It demonstrates the degree to which James' later ideas concerning the sport are already discernible in these writings. The article provides a contextual account of these reports, seeking to relate them both to their historical moment and to James' later theories of cricketing aesthetics, and of the sport's social and political significance.  相似文献   

Factor Analytic Methodology     

Andrew S. Jackson 《Research quarterly for exercise and sport》2013,84(4):1123-1125

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Keepers of the Flame: NFL Films and the Rise of Sports Media     

Andrew M. Fearnley 《国际体育史杂志》2013,30(17):2288-2290

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