Effect of age on discrimination learning,reversal learning,and cognitive bias in family dogs     

Patrizia Piotti  Dóra Szabó  Zsófia Bognár  Anna Egerer  Petrouchka Hulsbosch  Rachel Sophia Carson  Enikő Kubinyi 《Learning & behavior》2018,46(4):537-553

Several studies on age-related cognitive decline in dogs involve laboratory dogs and prolonged training. We developed two spatial tasks that required a single 1-h session. We tested 107 medium-large sized dogs: “young” (N=41, aged 2.5–6.5 years) and “old” (N=66, aged 8–14.5 years). Our results indicated that, in a discrimination learning task and in a reversal learning task, young dogs learned significantly faster than the old dogs, indicating that these two tasks could successfully be used to investigate differences in spatial learning between young and old dogs. We also provide two novel findings. First, in the reversal learning, the dogs trained based on the location of stimuli learned faster than the dogs trained based on stimulus characteristics. Most old dogs did not learn the task within our cut-off of 50 trials. Training based on an object’s location is therefore more appropriate for reversal learning tasks. Second, the contrast between the response to the positive and negative stimuli was narrower in old dogs, compared to young dogs, during the reversal learning task, as well as the cognitive bias test. This measure favors comparability between tasks and between studies. Following the cognitive bias test, we could not find any indication of differences in the positive and negative expectations between young and old dogs. Taken together, these findings do not support the hypothesis that old dogs have more negative expectations than young dogs and the use of the cognitive bias test in older dogs requires further investigation.  相似文献   

School-based sports development and the role of NSOs as ‘boundary spanners’: benefits,disbenefits and unintended consequences of the Sporting Schools policy initiative     

Anna Hogan  Michalis Stylianou 《Sport, Education and Society》2018,23(4):367-380

The focus of this paper is on Sporting Schools, a $100 million policy initiative intended to increase children’s sport participation in Australia. Our account seeks to proffer a critical analysis of this federal policy, and the way it functions as part of the new heterarchical or networked form of sports governance in Australia. Using a network ethnography methodology, we analyse Sporting Schools from the perspective of National Sporting Organisations (NSOs), who have the key responsibility for enacting this policy. Using their perceptions, we reflect on their role as policy ‘boundary spanners’ and outline the complexities they face in creating ‘win-win’ scenarios so that schools, students, government and NSOs themselves all benefit from the Sporting Schools initiative. We argue that NSOs have to balance benefits and disbenefits and face tension between their desire for tight quality control of their school-based sports programmes and the need to have a cost-effective funding model for maximum exposure to schools and students. In conclusion, we reflect on the unintended consequences of enacting the policy in its current form, including issues of teaching and coaching expertise, the potential displacement of the educative value of PE in favour of school sport, and the opening of this public policy space to commercial providers on a for-profit basis.  相似文献   

Development of a golf-specific load monitoring tool: Content validity and feasibility     

Scott B. Williams  Paul B. Gastin  Anna E. Saw  Sam Robertson 《European Journal of Sport Science》2018,18(4):458-472

Athletes often record details of their training and competitions, supported by information such as environmental conditions, travel, as well as how they felt. However, it is not known how prevalent these practices are in golfers, or how valuable this process is perceived. The purpose of this study was to develop a golf-specific load monitoring tool (GLMT), and establish the content validity and feasibility of this tool amongst high-level golfers. In the first phase of development, 21 experts were surveyed to determine the suitability of items for inclusion in the GLMT. Of the 36 items, 21 received >78% agreement, a requirement to establish content validity and for inclusion in the GLMT. Total duration was the preferred metric for golf-specific activities, whilst rating of perceived exertion (RPE) was preferred for measuring physical training. In the second phase, feasibility of the tool was assessed by surveying 13 high-level male golfers following 28-days of daily GLMT use. All items included in the GLMT were deemed feasible to record, with all players participating in the feasibility study providing high to very high ratings. Golfers responded that they would consider using a load monitoring tool of this nature long term, provided it can be completed in less than five minutes per day.  相似文献   

Potential moderators of day-to-day variability in children’s physical activity patterns     

Nicola D. Ridgers  Lisa M. Barnett  David R. Lubans  Anna Timperio  Ester Cerin  Jo Salmon 《Journal of sports sciences》2018,36(6):637-644

Little is known about whether physical activity compensation occurs and, if so, what are potential moderators of such responses. This study examined whether children’s physical activity, sedentary time and energy expenditure on one day was associated with these behaviours the following day, and what factors may moderate observed associations. One hundred and twenty-seven children (8–11 years) wore an ActiGraph accelerometer for eight days. Time spent in sedentary time and physical activity was obtained. Daily energy expenditure was also assessed using a SenseWear Armband (n=98). Moderators examined were sex, age, BMI, fitness, and fundamental movement skills (FMS). Multilevel analyses were conducted using generalized mixed models. On any given day, every additional 10 minutes spent in moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) was associated with 9.3 minutes less MVPA the following day. Every additional 10kcal expended on one day was associated with 2.9 fewer kcal expended the following day. Additional time spent sedentary on any given day was associated with less light physical activity the following day in children with lower FMS. The results are largely consistent with the compensation hypothesis, with children appearing to compensate their activity between days. Strategies to minimise potential compensatory changes may be needed for children overall rather than for specific population sub-groups.  相似文献   

What is influencing the dropout behaviour of youth players from organised football?     

Torsten Schlesinger  Anna Löbig  Peter Ehnold  Siegfried Nagel 《Sportwissenschaft》2018,48(2):176-191

This article provides a systematised review of relevant factors influencing youth dropout from organised football. The findings of identified 30 studies concerning dropout behaviour in football indicate the multidimensional influences of intrapersonal, interpersonal and structural factors. Most studies investigate the influence of intrapersonal factors. Accordingly, negatively perceived football competence, lack of motivation, goals and incentives and a lower relative age lead to a higher dropout rate. At the interpersonal level, lack of support from significant others (parents, peers, coach) and a disadvantageous team situations promote withdrawal from organised youth football. A lack of organisational and structural conditions promote dropout too. Based on this review, the following identified research gaps should be addressed in future studies: (1) analysis of individuals’ dropout decision as a selection of available alternatives, (2) referencing to corresponding contextual features of dropout behaviour, (3) the longitudinal perspective at dropout behaviour and (4) the perspective of intervention. Furthermore, some practical implications can be derived for the management of youth members in football clubs: (1) strengthen and develop successive coaching competencies, (2) reflection of own club philosophy against the background of divergent expectations of adolescents, (3) measures to promote identification with the football club and (4) anchoring of orientation regarding to young players as a central objective in the club.  相似文献   

Twist and Shape: Feedback Practices within Creative Subject Content of Hairdressing Education     

Anna Öhman 《Vocations and Learning》2018,11(3):425-448

The aim of this study is to explore feedback practices and how such actions of assessment emerge from embodied participation in classroom interactions between teachers and students. Using video recordings of teacher and student interactions in hairdressing education, I look at how feedback practices within creative subject content are produced between the participants as social actions situated in interaction, using conversation analysis. Feedback is contingent upon an embodied moment-to-moment monitoring and collaboration between the teacher and student, and is organized as a trajectory from problem detection through exploration until a final solution is found. Feedback within creative subject content is displayed as a multifarious exploration of embodied as well as materially situated professional knowledge. Overall, the findings show how feedback is mutually produced in a process, making tacit dimensions of hairdressers’ knowing explicit. This allows for improving the quality of the work over time in a trajectory of problem solving phases gradually displaying how to assess creative subject content of the material product worked on.  相似文献   

Hit the ground running? An exploratory study of the positionings teachers and international students take or ascribe to others on academic language     

Anna Filipi  Anne Keary 《The Australian Educational Researcher》2018,45(3):363-382

The International Student Program (ISP) in Australian secondary schools has in recent times drawn public attention. Despite this attention, there is a paucity of research about the challenges faced by schools in developing and sustaining these programs. The study reported in this paper explores the ISP in an independent metropolitan secondary school in Victoria with a high enrolment of international students. Using positioning theory, the study analysed the self- and other-positionings of an EAL teacher, a STEM teacher and two international students on a range of issues germane to the ISP and academic language. Findings confirmed past research that content teachers feel a lack of confidence in addressing these students’ language needs. In adding to the literature, the study found that content teachers feel a responsibility for these students and that the international students positioned themselves as successful language learners as well as students with gaps in their academic language.  相似文献   

Students’ Ability to Apply Their Knowledge in a Gaming Exercise: An Exploratory Study     

Anna Mette Fuglseth  Kjell Grønhaug  Kurt Jörnsten 《Scandinavian Journal of Educational Research》2018,62(1):88-108

This paper reports on a study exploring master students’ ability to apply their knowledge when solving an internal pricing problem in a supply chain. Analyses of 33 negotiation progress reports and 8 recordings of discussions demonstrate that most of the students were not able to apply relevant concepts and models to guide their handling of the task. The main reason for the variability in performance was the significant differences in the students’ general problem-solving abilities. Most students did not perform a thorough task analysis or develop a solution strategy before they met for negotiations, and they did not keep track of their task performance. The implications for teaching are highlighted, and directions for further research are proposed.  相似文献   

我国科技期刊SCIE进程的国际对比——基于SCIE 2007—2016年     

盛丽娜  顾欢 《中国科技期刊研究》2018,29(8):828-834

【目的】 基于SCIE 2007—2016年数据对比分析我国与G7国家及代表性新兴国家科技期刊SCIE进程状况,以了解我国科技期刊SCIE进程的国际对比情况。【方法】 分别在SCIE数据库查询2007—2016年11个国家(美国、英国、德国、法国、日本、意大利、加拿大、印度、韩国、俄罗斯和中国)入选期刊的影响因子、5年影响因子、他引影响因子、可被引文献数、可被引文献占比、影响因子百分位、标准特征因子等,并进行对比分析。【结果】 2007—2016年我国入选SCIE刊数呈明显上升趋势,环比增长速度平均为10.65%,在11个国家中位列第2;期刊年均载文量(Article和Review)仅次于美国、英国和德国,位列第4;刊均载文量呈下降趋势,非可被引文献占比略有增加;刊均影响因子和5年影响因子均呈显著上升趋势,且增长速度最快;影响因子百分位和标准特征因子显示,我国近年SCIE期刊的影响力逐渐增加;影响因子相关自被引率(SCR-IF)值逐年降低,2016年的SCR-IF小于11国均值。【结论】 2007—2016年,我国SCIE期刊数量和影响力均不断扩大,但与SCIE期刊强国的差距仍然巨大。  相似文献   

长江经济带水资源消耗时空差异驱动效应研究     

张陈俊  许静茹  张丽娜  庞庆华 《资源科学》2018,40(11):2247-2259

量化长江经济带水资源消耗时空差异的驱动效应,对双控行动的贯彻实施具有重要意义。本文采用LMDI方法,将用水量的时空差异分解为经济规模效应、产业结构效应和技术进步效应,用水强度的时空差异分解为产业结构效应和技术进步效应。结果显示：技术进步、产业结构调整是抑制用水量上升和促进用水强度下降的主次因素,而经济增长始终推动用水量上升;三次产业用水效率普遍提高和第一产业比重下降,有力促进了用水量和用水强度下降;与重庆相比,其他省份产业用水强度始终较大,尤其是第一、二产业,不利于用水量空间差异的缩小,长江三角洲省份产业结构更加高级缩小了用水量空间差异;与上海相比,其他省份第三产业用水强度始终较大和产业结构低级扩大了用水强度空间差异;水资源消耗时空差异之间存在相互转换的关系。因此,用水量控制应该围绕提高用水效率和优化产业结构,还需要辅助于经济、制度等手段,同时,根据三次产业特征差异而有所侧重;各省份选定参照对象后,依据空间差异驱动效应情况,提出适用的节水对策。  相似文献