Should We Use a Capital Framework to Understand Culture? Applying Cultural Capital to Communities of Color     

Kip Austin Hinton 《Equity & Excellence in Education》2015,48(2):299-319

Social science research on communities of color has long been shaped by theories of social and cultural capital. This article is a hermeneutic reading of metaphorical capital frameworks, including community cultural wealth and funds of knowledge. Financial capital, the basis of these frameworks, is premised on unequal exchange. Money only becomes capital when it is not spent, but is instead invested, manipulated, and exploited. Metaphorical capitals have been criticized as imprecise, falsely quantitative, and inequitable. Some research assumes that, rather than reinforcing economic class, metaphorical capital somehow nullifies class or replaces economic capital. Yet marginalized students, by definition, have been excluded by dominant culture. Compared to low socioeconomic status (SES) students of color, high SES students have a wealth of capital, in all forms. Metaphorical capital conjures the economic worldview of capitalism, imposing a capitalist, market-based worldview. Frameworks of metaphorical capital use neoliberal vocabulary, arguably endorsing capitalism's hegemony. The supposed metaphorical capital is not capital at all; by presenting it as capital, researchers’ goals become inconsistent with their own theoretical frameworks. There may be better ways to theorize culture. This article concludes by proposing four frameworks—possibilities that interpret culture without relying on capital.  相似文献   

A theater intervention to promote communication and disclosure of suicidal ideation     

Sarah N. Keller  C. Graham Austin  Vanessa McNeill 《Journal of Applied Communication Research》2017,45(3):294-312

Young adults from Montana have a higher rate of suicide than their national counterparts. There is a clear need for targeted interventions to address this disparity. The authors evaluate a community-based, narrative theater project designed to increase awareness and use of suicide-prevention resources among eastern Montana youth. As a first step, seven group interviews with Montana young adults (n?=?27) were conducted to identify current perceptions about suicide and suicide prevention. Interviews were conducted before and after subjects were exposed to a community-based theater production about suicide. Emergent thematic categories were organized using the four main constructs of the extended parallel process model. After the performance, participants expressed increased awareness of prevention resources; perceived susceptibility to the threat of suicide and depression; and self-efficacy for accessing help and assisting others. There were mixed results for perceived response efficacy. Implications and recommendations for intervention development are discussed.  相似文献   

Crisis response in the public schools: A survey of school psychologists' experiences and perceptions     

Austin D. Adamson  Gretchen Gimpel Peacock 《Psychology in the schools》2007,44(8):749-764

In this study, 228 school psychologists completed a survey regarding crisis intervention teams and plans. The majority of respondents indicated their schools had crisis plans (95.1%) and teams (83.6%). The most common team activities endorsed by participants involved providing direct assistance and services to students, staff, and the media. The majority of participants (93%) reported that their schools had experienced and responded to serious crises. Respondents indicated that psychological debriefing was frequently used (generic 49.1% and standardized 17.9%). Less than half of the participants (44.3%) reported that meetings were conducted with parents and community members following a crisis. Nearly all of the participants (98.2%) reported that they had some type of crisis intervention training. However, many participants suggested that additional training and practice with crisis intervention would improve schools' crisis responses. Results are discussed with implications for school psychologists to improve their schools' crisis intervention plans and teams' responses. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Psychol Schs 44: 749–764, 2007.  相似文献   

Exploring relatedness to field of study as an indicator of student retention   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：1  

Glenice Watson  Helena Austin 《高等教育研究与发展》2004,23(1):57-72

Currently, tertiary education student retention is an important concern for universities. Prior research suggests that course completion depends on a number of factors, many of which are recalcitrant to intervention. This paper explores one factor: student relatedness to their chosen course and profession, as evidenced within two education courses. The analysis of survey and focus group data from first year, semester one students has found that the respondents relate to their course and their profession more idealistically than pragmatically. We suggest that relative unawareness of the realities of teaching might retain students in the early years, only to cause attrition when harsher realities of classrooms set in during the later years of their course. Two possible interventions are considered: post‐structurally‐derived critical reflection and peer mentoring in the hope that they will facilitate a blend of idealism and pragmatism that will sustain students to course completion and entry into their profession.  相似文献   

Some perspectives on compensatory education and inequality     

Gilbert Austin  David Preston  Ward Stewart  Eldon Baldwin  Gary Riggins  K.Merrily Salyer 《Contemporary educational psychology》1977,2(3):311-320

  相似文献   

The Relationship of Gender and Academic Performance to Motivation: Within-Ethnic-Group Variations     

Rouse  Kimberly A. Gordon  Austin  James T. 《The Urban Review》2002,34(4):293-316

In contemporary psychology more within-group examinations of psychological phenomena are needed, especially in ethnic minority populations. This paper presents the findings of three separate studies of the relationship of GPA and gender to motivation, all of which are within ethnic group comparisons. One study is conducted with African-Americans, the second with Hispanic-Americans, and the third with Euro-Americans. The instruments used are the Assessment of Academic Self-Concept and Motivation and Assessment of Personal Agency Beliefs. Both measures provide a goal-focused, multidimensional, and comprehensive assessment of motivation. MANOVAs and subsequent ANOVAs are presented for each ethnic group. The findings reveal significant within-group differences that also vary from one ethnic group to another.  相似文献   

Codification vs personalisation: A study of the information evaluation practice between aerospace and construction industries     

Llewellyn C.M. Tang  Yuyang Zhao  Simon Austin  Mansur Darlington  Steve Culley 《International Journal of Information Management》2010

In the emerging digital economy, the management of information in aerospace and construction organisations is facing a particular challenge due to the ever-increasing volume of information and the extensive use of information and communication technologies (ICTs). This paper addresses the problems of information overload and the value of information in both industries by providing some cross-disciplinary insights. In particular it identifies major issues and challenges in the current information evaluation practice in these two industries. Interviews were conducted to get a spectrum of industrial perspectives (director/strategic, project management and ICT/document management) on these issues in particular to information storage and retrieval strategies and the contrasting approaches to knowledge and information management of personalisation and codification. Industry feedback was collected by a follow-up workshop to strengthen the findings of the research. An information-handling agenda is outlined for the development of a future Information Evaluation Methodology (IEM) which could facilitate the practice of the codification of high-value information in order to support through-life knowledge and information management (K&IM) practice.  相似文献   

Complementary metal oxide semiconductor compatible fabrication and characterization of parylene-C covered nanofluidic channels with integrated nanoelectrodes     

Chih-kuan Tung  Robert Riehn    Robert H. Austin 《Biomicrofluidics》2009,3(3)

Nanochannels offer a way to align and analyze long biopolymer molecules such as DNA with high precision at potentially single basepair resolution, especially if a means to detect biomolecules in nanochannels electronically can be developed. Integration of nanochannels with electronics will require the development of nanochannel fabrication procedures that will not damage sensitive electronics previously constructed on the device. We present here a near-room-temperature fabrication technology involving parylene-C conformal deposition that is compatible with complementary metal oxide semiconductor electronic devices and present an analysis of the initial impedance measurements of conformally parylene-C coated nanochannels with integrated gold nanoelectrodes.No two cells are exactly alike, either in terms of their genome, the genomic epigenetic modification of the genome, or the expressed proteome.¹ The genomic heterogeneity of cells is particularly important from an evolutionary perspective since it represents the stages of evolution of a population of cells under stress.² Because of the important variances in the genome that occur from cell to cell, it is critical to develop genomic analysis technologies which can do single-cell and single molecule genomic analysis as an electronic “direct read” without intervening amplification steps.^{3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8} In this paper, we present a technique which uses conformal coverage of nanochannels containing nanoelectrodes using a room-temperature deposition of parylene-C, a pin-hole-free, excellent electrical insulator with low autofluorescence.⁹ This procedure should open the door to integration of many kinds of surface electronics with nanochannels. One of the most difficult aspects in introducing electronics into nanochannel technology is the sealing of nanochannel so that the electrodes are not compromised by harsh chemicals or high temperatures. There are various methods to form nanochannels containing nanoelectrodes, including wafer bonding techniques,¹⁰ removal of sacrificial materials,¹¹ and nonuniform sputtering deposition.¹² Methods employing a sacrificial layer removal show the greater compatibility to electronic integration, but current methods to remove sacrificial materials require either high temperatures¹¹ or harsh chemicals.^{13, 14}The basic device consisted of 12 mm long, 100 nm wide, 100 nm high nanochannels interrogated by 22 pairs of 30 nm wide gold nanoelectrodes. The outline of the fabrication process is shown in Fig. ​Fig.1.1. The fabrication process was carried out on a standard 4 in. single-side polished p-type ⟨100⟩ silicon wafer with 100 nm of dry thermal oxide on the top as an insulating layer, which also helped the wetting of the nanochannels. The first step involved nanofabrication of the 25 nm thick nanoelectrodes on the SiO₂ top of the wafer using electron beam lithography (EBL). External gold connection pads were constructed using standard metal lift-off techniques and photolithography to connect to the nanoelectrodes. A Raith E-Line e-beam writing system (Raith USA, Ronkonkoma, NY) was used to expose polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) for metal lift-off. Figure ​Figure1a1a shows a scanning electron microscopy (SEM) image of the nanoelectrodes. The 100 nm sealed nanochannels were constructed using sacrificial removal techniques. We used EBL to expose a 100 nm thick film of PMMA over the gold nanolines in the region around the nanolines, leaving behind lines of unexposed sacrificial layer of PMMA. We next evaporated 25 nm of SiO₂ over the nanolines to improve the surface wetting properties of nanochannel and then conformally coated with 4 μm thick of parylene-C [poly(chloro-p-xylylene)] using a Specialty Coating Systems model PDS 2010 parylene coating system (SCS Systems, Indianapolis, IN). Access holes for the gold electrodes and the feeding channels were etched through by oxygen plasma and 1:10 buffered oxide etchant. To avoid autofluorescence induced in parylene by an active plasma¹⁵ and ambient UV radiation,¹⁶ it is important not to expose the remaining parylene with plasma and to keep the samples in the dark. The sacrificial removal of PMMA in the nanochannels was done in four steps: (1) soaking the chip in 55 °C 1165 MicroChem resist remover (MicroChem, Newton, MA) for 36 h, (2) room-temperature soaking in 1,2-dichloroethane for 12 h, (3) soaking in room-temperature acetone for 12 h, and (4) drying the nanochannels by critical point drying (CPD-030, BAL-TEC AG, Principality of Liechtenstein), which served to prevent the collapse of the nanochannel resulting from surface tension of the acetone.Open in a separate windowFigure 1(a) SEM image of gold nanoelectrodes; scale bar is 200 nm. (b) 100×100 nm² PMMA nanoline is written over the gold nanoelectrodes by exposure of the surrounding PMMA. (c) Parylene-C conformal coating over the PMMA nanoline. PMMA is dissolved and parylene-C etched by reactive ion etching.Conductance measurements were done using ac techniques. The ac impedance Z_tot of an insulating ionic fluid such as water between electrodes is a complex subject.¹⁷ The most general model for the complex impedance of an electrode in ionic solution is typically modeled as the Randle circuit, which is shown in Fig. ​Fig.22.¹⁷ There are two major contributions to the imaginary part of the impedance: the capacitance of the double layer (C_dl), which is purely imaginary and has no dc conductance, and the impedance due to charge transfer resulting in electrochemical reactions at the electrode∕electrolyte interface, which can be modeled as a contact resistor (R_CT), which is given by the Butler–Volmer equation, which describes the I-V characteristic curve when electrochemical reactions occur at the electrode,¹⁸ in series with a complex Warburg impedance (Z_W) which represents injected charge transport near the electrode;¹⁹ more details can be found in Ref. ²⁰. Since we applied a 10 mV rms ac voltage with no dc offset in our measurements, electrochemical reactions are negligible, which means no electrochemical charge transfer occurred and as a result R_CT goes to infinity. We have drawn a gray box around the elements connected to the Warburg impedance branch of the circuit to show that they are negligible in our analysis.Open in a separate windowFigure 2The equivalent circuit of the nanoelectrodes in contact with water lying atop an insulating SiO₂ film which covers a silicon substrate. The elements in the gray boxes can be ignored in our measurements since there is no hydrolysis at low voltage, while the elements within the dotted box are coupling reactances to the underlying p-doped silicon wafer.In the case of no direct charge injection, the electrodes are coupled by the purely capacitive dielectric layer impedance C_dl to the solvent and are also coupled capacitively by the dielectric SiO₂ film capacitance C_ox to the underlying p-doped silicon semiconductor. We model the semiconductor as a purely resistive material with bulk resistivity ρ_Si. The value of C_dl∕area is on the order of ϵϵ_oκ, where ϵ is the dielectric constant of water (about 80) and κ is the Debye screening parameter of the counterions in solution: κ=ϵϵokBT∕e2Σici∞zi2,²⁰ where ci∞ is the bulk ion concentration of charge z_i. At our salt molarity of 50 mM (1∕2 Tris∕Borate∕EDTA (TBE) buffer), C_dl is approximately 30 μF∕cm² using 1∕κ∼1 nm.In Fig. ​Fig.3,3, we show the ac impedance measurements between pairs nanoelectrodes for both dry and TBE buffer wet nanochannels. The electrodes are capacitively coupled to the underlying silicon substrate through an oxide capacitor C_ox. We model the doped silicon wafer as pure resistors, so there is an R₁ that connects both C_ox, and each C_ox is connected to the ground with an R₂. Curve fitting was done by using the 3SPICE circuit emulation code (VAMP Inc., Los Angeles, CA). We therefore obtained the following parameters for the dry curve: C_ox=1.32 nF, R₁=17.5 μΩ, and R₂=32.8 kΩ. R₁ is not sensitive in the fit as long as it is smaller than the impedance of C_ox. Given ρ_Si of the wafer of 1–10 Ω cm, R₂ should be on the order of 10³ Ω, which is slightly smaller than our fitting results. The same parameters for the wafer coupling parameters were then used for fitting the impedance measurements for wet channels. For TBE buffer solution in the nanochannel, curve fitting yields C_dl=50 pF and R_sol=10⁵ Ω. However, given the dimension of our nanochannels, we should get a transverse resistance R∼10⁹ Ω. One possible explanation for this difference is that the evaporated SiO₂ film which was put over the PMMA is porous and allows buffer to penetrate the oxide film,²¹ but given that the film is only 25 nm thick this would at most increase the cross section by one order of magnitude. However, it is known that there is a high fractional presence of mobile counterions associated with the charged channel walls.²² To calculate exact conductance contribution from the surface charges is a tricky business, but since the surface-to-volume ratios in our nanochannels are much greater than the slits, a larger conductance enhancement can be expected, and more work needs to be done.Open in a separate windowFigure 3ac impedance spectra of TBE buffer solution in a transchannel measurement between adjacent pairs of nanoelectrodes separated by 135 μm. The red circles are data for a dry channel and the solid red line is the fit to the model shown in the upper right hand corner. The green squares and dashed green line are for a nanochannel wet with TBE buffer.We have presented a way to fabricate a nanochannel integrated with electrodes. This technology opens up opportunities for electronic detection of charged polymers. With our techniques to fabricate nanoelectrodes with nanochannels, it should be possible to include integrated electronics with nanofludics, allowing the electronic observation of a single DNA molecule at high spatial resolution. However, the present design has problems. Most of the ac went through the silicon wafer instead of the solution. To enhance the sensitivity, we need either to increase the ratio of current going through the liquid to the current going through the wafer or to have a circuit design that picks up the changes in C_dl and R_sol.  相似文献   

The Animated Muse: An Interpretive Program for Creative Viewing     

Austin Clarkson  Douglas Worts 《Curator: The Museum Journal》2005,48(3):257-280

Explore a Painting in Depth, an experiment presented in the Canadian Collection of the Art Gallery of Ontario, consisted of a booth that offered seating for two visitors and, opposite them, The Beaver Dam, a 1919 landscape painting by the Canadian artist J. E. H. MacDonald. In a 12‐minute audio‐guided Exercise for Exploring, visitors were invited to engage in a creative process with the imagery of the painting. This paper sketches how the experiment evolved, presents the background of the Exercise for Exploring, and surveys the effects of the exhibit on a wide range of visitors. The question is raised: How can facilitating visitors' creative responses to artworks be part of the museum's educational mandate and its arsenal of interpretive resources? More broadly: Do strategies that foster and privilege visitor creativity, as well as honor the creativity of artists, affect the accessibility and relevance of the museum for the general public?  相似文献   

Candidates’ use of informal communication on social media reduces credibility and support: Examining the consequences of expectancy violations     

Olivia M. Bullock  Austin Y. Hubner 《Communication Research Reports》2020,37(3):87-98

ABSTRACT

This experiment (N= 476) investigates how individuals evaluate political candidates who use informal communication on social media. We use expectancy violations theory (EVT) to predict that informal communication will lead to negative evaluations. Our results suggest that politicians’ use of informal communication on social media leads to expectancy violation, which decreases perceived credibility and lessens intention to support a candidate. This effect was not moderated by sex (male versus female) or age (young versus old) of the candidate, nor of participants being the same sex as the candidate. These findings suggest that political figures should use informal communication on social media with caution.  相似文献