Onset Entropy Matters – Letter-to-phoneme Mappings in Seven Languages     

Susanne?R.?BorgwaldtEmail author  Frauke?M.?Hellwig  Annette?M.?B?De?Groot 《Reading and writing》2005,18(3):211-229

Alphabetic orthographies vary in the (in)consistency of the relations between spelling and sound patterns. In transparent orthographies, like Italian, the pronunciation can be predicted from the spelling, in contrast to opaque orthographies such as English, where spelling–sound correspondences are often inconsistent. The pronunciation of English vowel letters is in particular very ambiguous. In this paper, we provide a cross-linguistic investigation of orthographic transparency at the word-initial letter–phoneme level, resulting in ranked metrics for the seven languages investigated- Dutch, English, French, German, Hungarian, Italian, and Portuguese, expressed as entropy values. We focus on the contributions of vowels and consonants towards the overall orthographic transparency and provide evidence that deviations from consistent word-initial 1:1 mappings between letters and phonemes influence reaction times in naming tasks. Implications for theories of visual word recognition and speech production will be discussed.  相似文献   

Tableur et calcul algebrique     

B. Capponi  N. Balacheff 《Educational Studies in Mathematics》1989,20(2):179-210

Résumé Cet article est un compte rendu de recherche concernant l'apprentissage à l'utilisation d'un tableur (Multiplan^TM) avec des élèves de 15 ans dans un collège français. Cette recherche a un caractère exploratoire dans un domaine actuellement peu étudié.Si l'utilisation d'un tableur, impose la manipulation d'expressions littérales, pour la mise en uvre des calculs, on note qu'il n'y a pas simple transfert des connaissances algébriques dans l'environnement du tableur. Les problèmes d'apprentissage sont de deux types: ceux issus de la priorité donnée par ce logiciel au calcul et ceux issus de l'existence de deux niveaux de syntaxe en inter-action, le niveau logiciel et le niveau algébrique.

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This article gives an account of research on the learning of the use of a spreadsheet (Multiplan) by pupils 15 years old.It gives evidence that despite that fact that use of a spreadsheet requires the manipulation of formulas, there is not a mere transfer of the pupil's algebraic knowledge into the spreadsheet context. Two main learning problems have been identified, the first due to the priority given by the software to computations, and the second related to an interaction between two levels of syntax: the spreadsheet specific and the algebraic syntax.

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Coles's Learning Mystique: the good, the bad, and the irrelevant     

B P Rourke 《Journal of learning disabilities》1989,22(5):274-277

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Seeing Is Believing: Effective Components of Professional Development Training for County Extension Educators on an Innovation Perceived as Risky—Food Irradiation     

B.M. Thompson  J.F. Schielack  T.A. Vestal 《Journal of Food Science Education》2004,3(4):54-58

ABSTRACT: Decades of research have provided evidence that food irradiation is a safe technology that can decrease the incidence of foodborne diseases; however, adoption of this technology has been slow. The purpose of our study was to qualitatively explore the effectiveness of various components of a professional development training on family and consumer sciences county extension educators' understanding of food irradiation. This training included presentations by experts in the field, a tour of a food irradiation research facility and a meat processing facility, group activities, and a computer simulation model. Data were collected using qualitative research methodology through in-depth interviews conducted after the training. Results indicated that those components that allowed participants to visualize food irradiation processes seemed most beneficial to their understanding. Based on these data, implications for practice are discussed.  相似文献   

Modification of Reconciliation Behavior through Social Experience: An Experiment with Two Macaque Species     

Frans B. M. de Waal  Denise L. Johanowicz 《Child development》1993,64(3):897-908

Reconciliation, defined as a friendly reunion between former opponents shortly after an aggressive encounter, is common in the stumptail macaque (Macaca arctoides) but rare in the rhesus macaque (M. mulatta). Juveniles of the two species were cohoused for 5 months, after which they were observed with conspecifics only. Control rhesus monkeys, matched in age and sex to the experimental subjects, went through the same procedure without exposure to the other species. A threefold increase in the proportion of reconciled fights was measured in the rhesus subjects. The difference emerged gradually during cohousing with the tutor species and was sustained following removal of this species. Other behavior, such as grooming and aggression, decreased over time. It is suggested that the social attitude of the subjects was affected through contact with a species characterized by a more relaxed dominance style.  相似文献   

The interdisciplinary team approach to child abuse services: Strengths and limitations     

G. Wallen M.S.W.  S. Pierce B.S.  M.F. Koch M.D.  H.D. Venters M.D. 《Child abuse & neglect》1977,1(2-4)

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The Cost of College (II)     

Sal B. Corrallo  John C. O'Conor 《Research in higher education》1973,1(1):79-86

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The decision to enter higher education: The case of polytechnic sociology students     

Harrison  B.  Pidgeon  J.  Rigby  M.  Vogler  C. 《Higher Education》1977,6(4):453-476

This paper examines the decision to enter higher education by students who entered British polytechnic degree courses in sociology/social studies. It is concerned with the extent to which occupational considerations affect the decision to enter and with relating these findings to theories of occupational choice. The paper commences with an examination of three models of occupational choice and summarises the findings of studies that have focused on the entry into higher education and occupational decision-making. The results of our own study, based on questionnaire and interview data, indicate that occupational considerations are of limited importance in the decision to enter sociology/social studies courses at polytechnics. Rather our data favours a model emphasizing the role of socio-cultural background of home and school creating expectations for higher education. Data on past decisions which affect educational careers indicated that entry into higher education was seen in terms of an automatic process rather than a conscious decision made for particular goals. In our population there was, however, a small vocationally oriented group who differed from other students, in which females and those under 18 years of age were over-represented, and who were predominantly from two colleges which offered vocational training in their courses. Our results, we conclude, lend support to a fortuitous model of occupational choice in respect of the decision to enter higher education. Expectations derived from socio-cultural backgrounds of the students were more important in determining entry than conscious occupational goals.The research on which the paper is based is located in the Department of Social Science, Polytechnic of the South Bank, and supported by the Social Science Research Council.Work on this project has also been carried out by Dr I. C. Cannon and Ms. A. Scambler. An earlier draft of this paper was presented at the Standing Conference of The Sociology of Further Education, London, June 1975.  相似文献   

Book reviews     

Mahnaz Moallem  James B. Ellsworth 《Educational technology research and development : ETR & D》1997,45(4):88-95

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TEN POINTS TO CONSIDER IN MAKING TEST INTERPRETATIONS TO GROUPS     

B. S. Tillinghast  Jr. 《Journal of Educational Measurement》1964,1(2):149-150

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