What is modelled during observational learning?     

Hodges NJ  Williams AM  Hayes SJ  Breslin G 《Journal of sports sciences》2007,25(5):531-545

In this article, we examine the question of what information is processed during observational learning by evaluating a variety of methods, theories, and empirical data. Initially, we review work involving neuroimaging techniques and infant imitation. We then evaluate data from behavioural experiments involving adults, wherein a variety of attempts have been made to isolate the critical or minimal information constraining the acquisition of coordination. This body of research has included comparisons between video and point-light displays, manipulations to the amount and type of information presented in the display, the collection of point-of-gaze data, and manipulations to the task context in terms of outcome goals. We conclude that observational learning is governed by specific features of the model's action (i.e. motions of the end effector) and the task (i.e. outcome constraints) and, in contrast with traditional theoretical modelling, more global aspects of a model (i.e. the relative motions within and between joints) do not appear to be the primary method for constraining action execution.  相似文献   

Fugitive Truths     

Margaret Meek Spencer 《English in Education》1987,21(3):3-9

  相似文献   

Analysis of testing with multiple choice versus open‐ended questions: Outcome‐based observations in an anatomy course          下载免费PDF全文

Cheryl A. Melovitz Vasan  David O. DeFouw  Bart K. Holland  Nagaswami S. Vasan 《Anatomical sciences education》2018,11(3):254-261

The pedagogical approach for both didactic and laboratory teaching of anatomy has changed in the last 25 years and continues to evolve; however, assessment of student anatomical knowledge has not changed despite the awareness of Bloom's taxonomy. For economic reasons most schools rely on multiple choice questions (MCQ) that test knowledge mastered while competences such as critical thinking and skill development are not typically assessed. In contrast, open‐ended question (OEQ) examinations demand knowledge construction and a higher order of thinking, but more time is required from the faculty to score the constructed responses. This study compares performances on MCQ and OEQ examinations administered to a small group of incoming first year medical students in a preparatory (enrichment) anatomy course that covered the thorax and abdomen. In the thorax module, the OEQ examination score was lower than the MCQ examination score; however, in the abdomen module, the OEQ examination score improved compared to the thorax OEQ score. Many students attributed their improved performance to a change from simple memorization (superficial learning) for cued responses to conceptual understanding (deeper learning) for constructed responses. The results support the view that assessment with OEQs, which requires in depth knowledge, would result in student better performance in the examination. Anat Sci Educ 11: 254–261. © 2017 American Association of Anatomists.  相似文献   

Recovering reading using computer mastery programmes     

Ken Spencer 《British journal of educational technology : journal of the Council for Educational Technology》1996,27(3):191-203

Mastery learning has been shown to be an effective method of raising the level of performance of pupils on a wide range of tasks. This method has been applied to the teaching of reading and spelling with primary school children with learning difficulties, in the form of a series of computer programmes using the high quality digital sound which is available in the current generation of low-cost portable computers.
Unlike many programmes designed to teach or encourage reading skills, the programmes developed for this project provide instantaneous feedback, and identify and reward correct responses, with high criterion levels set for progression from one task to the next. They also provide complete records of pupil performance, allowing teachers to select teaching sequences appropriate for each individual pupil. Case studies of pupils are presented, showing the performance gains obtained with short but regular use of the programmes, over a 12 week period.  相似文献   

Using Super's Career Development Assessment and Counselling (C-DAC) Model to Link Theory to Practice     

Spencer G. Niles 《International Journal for Educational and Vocational Guidance》2001,1(1-2):131-139

Super's Career Development Assessment and Counselling Model (C-DAC)represents an excellent translation of career development theory intopractice. After decades of developing the various segments of his theory(i.e., developmental stages and tasks, life span, self-concept) toexplain career development, Super focused on using these theory segmentsto help individuals resolve their career concerns. This uniqueassessment-based intervention model is the result of a multinationalresearch effort directed toward understanding the individual'ssubjective and objective career development experience. This paperprovides a brief overview of the C-DAC model and then discusses how theC-DAC model is useful for addressing career concerns in the post-modernera.  相似文献   

Phonics self‐teaching materials for foundation literacy     

Ken Spencer 《Literacy》2006,40(1):42-50

The effect of irregular English orthography (spelling) on foundation literacy, and in particular on alphabetic decoding, is discussed within the context of the orthographic depth hypothesis. A method for circumventing the retarding effects of traditional English orthography, based on the support provided for Chinese pupils learning their character‐based system of writing, is described. Evidence for the beneficial effects of a regularised form of English to support conventional orthography is presented in the form of a case study and a small group experiment, both carried out in a primary school in the North of England.  相似文献   

Tweet,and We Shall Find: Using Digital Methods to Locate Participants in Educational Hashtags     

Spencer P. Greenhalgh  K. Bret Staudt Willet  Joshua M. Rosenberg  Matthew J. Koehler 《TechTrends》2018,62(5):501-508

Although researchers have discovered a great deal about who uses Twitter for educational purposes, what they post about, when they post and why they participate, there has so far been little work to explore where participants in educational Twitter contexts are located. In this paper, we establish a methodological foundation that can support the exploration of geographical issues in educational Twitter research. We surveyed 46 participants in one educational Twitter hashtag, #michED, to determine where they lived; we then compared these responses to results from three digital methods for geolocating Twitter users (human coding, machine coding and GPS coding) to explore these methods’ affordances and constraints. Human coding of Twitter profiles allowed us to analyze more participants with higher levels of accuracy but also has disadvantages compared to other digital—and traditional—methods. We discuss the additional insights obtained through geolocating #michED participants as well as considerations for using geolocation and other digital methods in educational research.  相似文献   

Children’s solving of ‘Tower of Hanoi’ tasks: dynamic testing with the help of a robot     

Wilma C. M. Resing  Bart Vogelaar  Julian G. Elliott 《教育心理学》2020,40(9):1136-1163

Abstract

The present study investigated the usefulness of a pre-programmed, teleoperated, socially assistive peer robot in dynamic testing of complex problem solving utilising the Tower of Hanoi. The robot, in a ‘Wizard of Oz’ setting, provided instructions and prompts during dynamic testing to children when they had to solve 3?D Tower of Hanoi puzzles. Participants were 37?second grade 8-year-old children, of whom half received graduated prompts training between pre-test and post-test, delivered by the robot, and half did not. It was found that children’s progression in task accuracy varied considerably, depending on whether or not children were trained in solving Tower puzzles. Trained children showed greater progression in the number of Tower problems that they could solve accurately, made considerably fewer steps, although the Tower puzzles increased quickly in difficulty level. The mean completion time of trained children decreased at a slower rate than that of the untrained children, but both groups of children took considerably more time to think and plan ahead before they started the solving process. Only moderate relations with planning behaviour were found. In general, the study revealed that computerised dynamic testing with a robot as assistant has much potential in unveiling children’s potential for learning and their ways of tackling complex problems. The advantages and challenges of using a robot in educational assessment were discussed.  相似文献   

Student Perspectives on Teaching and its Evaluation     

Karin J. Spencer  Liora Pedhazur Schmelkin 《Assessment & Evaluation in Higher Education》2002,27(5):397-409

The research on student ratings of instruction, while voluminous, has had minimal focus on the perceptions of the students who do the ratings. The current study explored student perspectives on course and teacher ratings as well as some issues related to teaching effectiveness and faculty roles. It was found that students are generally willing to do evaluations and to provide feedback, and have no particular fear of repercussions. However, they have little confidence that faculty or administrators pay attention to the results, and do not even consult the ratings themselves. The students view teaching and advising as the most important roles that should be played by faculty, yet project that faculty, while also viewing teaching as the most important, would rank research above the more student-interactive advising. Canonical correlations among various scales reveal a strong emphasis on such issues of the importance of faculty respect for student views.  相似文献   

Mentoring graduate students through the action research journey using guiding principles     

Joi A. Spencer  Sarina Chugani Molina 《Educational Action Research》2018,26(1):144-165

Our department has adopted action research (AR) projects as the culminating task for our master’s degree candidates. This article presents our work on mentoring graduate students towards the completion of their final AR research projects and details the deliberate structures put in place to guide them through the AR process. These structures include a full-semester course, individual meetings with an AR chair, and collaborative faculty–student feedback sessions. These collaborative conversations (between students and faculty) have allowed us to clarify our understandings of AR, set standards and goals for AR, and raise our expectations on the quality of final AR projects. We hope that the discussion in this article will give students assigned AR new insights as they conduct their research. Also, we hope that the guiding principles we have derived through our efforts can inform others who currently use or plan to assign AR to their students.  相似文献