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Gadow S 《Death education》1980,3(4):387-398
Moral dilemmas in the care of a dying person ideally should be decided in the context of that person's own freely determined understanding of death. At the philosophical, the clinical, and the personal levels, the primal question of how to understand death must be addressed before decisions are made concerning much ethical problems as euthanasia. Philosophers and practitioners who fail to do this are guilty of an a priori paternalism toward the dying, on whom their conclusions will be imposed. Until we have determined, together with the person involved, the way in which that person wants to view his or her death, any prior ethical judgment not only is presumptuous but infringes on the most basic freedom, that of determining the meaning that one's own experience shall have. The role of advocacy is an alternative to the traditional paternalism toward the dying. The essay attempts to (a) develop the distinctions among paternalism, consumerism, and advocacy; (b) propose a concept of advocacy as the assistance to the dying in freely determining how to understand their dying and death; (c) describe three of the views of death (naturalistic, religious, and existentialist) that need to be understood by those who assist the dying in exercising their freedom of self-determination. 相似文献
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This paper examines Brazil’s Sector Funds, an emerging research and development policy that seeks to increase public-private research collaboration. The first section sets the context of the ‘policy problem’. The second section discusses the policy’s implementation, and discusses its likely implications for Brazil and beyond. 相似文献
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Web search algorithms that rank Web pages by examining the link structure of the Web are attractive from both theoretical and practical aspects. Todays prevailing link-based ranking algorithms rank Web pages by using the dominant eigenvector of certain matrices—like the co-citation matrix or variations thereof. Recent analyses of ranking algorithms have focused attention on the case where the corresponding matrices are irreducible, thus avoiding singularities of reducible matrices. Consequently, rank analysis has been concentrated on authority connected graphs, which are graphs whose co-citation matrix is irreducible (after deleting zero rows and columns). Such graphs conceptually correspond to thematically related collections, in which most pages pertain to a single, dominant topic of interest.A link-based search algorithm A is rank-stable if minor changes in the link structure of the input graph, which is usually a subgraph of the Web, do not affect the ranking it produces; algorithms A,B are rank-similar if they produce similar rankings. These concepts were introduced and studied recently for various existing search algorithms.This paper studies the rank-stability and rank-similarity of three link-based ranking algorithms—PageRank, HITS and SALSA—in authority connected graphs. For this class of graphs, we show that neither HITS nor PageRank is rank stable. We then show that HITS and PageRank are not rank similar on this class, nor is any of them rank similar to SALSA.This research was supported by the Fund for the Promotion of Research at the Technion, and by the Barnard Elkin Chair in Computer Science. 相似文献
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