Demand articulation in emerging technologies: Intermediary user organisations as co-producers?     

Wouter P.C. BoonAuthor Vitae  Ellen H.M. Moors Author VitaeStefan Kuhlmann Author Vitae  Ruud E.H.M. Smits Author Vitae 《Research Policy》2011,40(2):242-252

User involvement is assumed to be beneficial to innovation processes. Intermediary user organisations contribute to articulating societal demands for innovations. However, the learning processes inside these organisations are still not understood well. Therefore, this paper empirically investigates intermediaries using an event history approach. It yields characteristic learning mechanisms, e.g. concerning the management of expectations or actively building a case. If intermediaries overcome challenges regarding positioning, representation and the level of proactivity, they can play a precarious role in demand articulation in the context of new technologies.  相似文献   

Murdered bread, living bread: Doris Grant and the homemade, wholemeal loaf     

Whipple AC 《Endeavour》2011,35(2-3):99-106

Doris Grant (1905-2003), a middle-class, British housewife, published numerous books from the 1940s into the 1970s urging her fellow housewives to bake organic, wholemeal bread for their families. This article argues that Grant's arguments defy easy categorization as either 'conservative' or 'progressive'. On the one hand, her targeted appeal to women reflected a traditional, conservative understanding of gender roles: women were, first and foremost, wives and mothers and therefore naturally responsible for family diet and health. On the other hand, Grant also pushed her readers to look beyond their homes and recognize a dangerous food supply system that was impinging on their daily lives. She demanded that her readers reject comfortable complicity in this system and preached the value of individual action in effecting substantive change.  相似文献   

Polymer Materials     

Charles C. 《中国科学院院刊(英文版)》2011,25(1):46-49

Since the second half of the 20th century, polymer materials have already become an essential part of our daily life. The use of polymeric materials has already exceeded that of metals and ceramics in terms of volume and is intimately connected  相似文献   

A parallel microfluidic channel fixture fabricated using laser ablated plastic laminates for electrochemical and chemiluminescent biodetection of DNA     

Edwards TL  Harper JC  Polsky R  Lopez DM  Wheeler DR  Allen AC  Brozik SM 《Biomicrofluidics》2011,5(4):44115-4411514

Herein is described the fabrication and use of a plastic multilayer 3-channel microfluidic fixture. Multilayer devices were produced by laser machining of plastic polymethylmethacrylate and polyethyleneterapthalate laminates by ablation. The fixture consisted of an array of nine individually addressable gold or gold/ITO working electrodes, and a resistive platinum heating element. Laser machining of both the fluidic pathways in the plastic laminates, and the stencil masks used for thermal evaporation to form electrode regions on the plastic laminates, enabled rapid and inexpensive implementation of design changes. Electrochemiluminescence reactions in the fixture were achieved and monitored through ITO electrodes. Electroaddressable aryl diazonium chemistry was employed to selectively pattern gold electrodes for electrochemical multianalyte DNA detection from double stranded DNA (dsDNA) samples. Electrochemical detection of dsDNA was achieved by melting of dsDNA molecules in solution with the integrated heater, allowing detection of DNA sequences specific to breast and colorectal cancers with a non-specific binding control. Following detection, the array surface could be renewed via high temperature (95 °C) stripping using the integrated heating element. This versatile and simple method for prototyping devices shows potential for further development of highly integrated, multi-functional bioanalytical devices.  相似文献   

Structural and dynamic properties of linker histone H1 binding to DNA     

Dootz R  Toma AC  Pfohl T 《Biomicrofluidics》2011,5(2):24104

Found in all eukaryotic cells, linker histones H1 are known to bind to and rearrange nucleosomal linker DNA. In vitro, the fundamental nature of H1∕DNA interactions has attracted wide interest among research communities-from biologists to physicists. Hence, H1∕DNA binding processes and structural and dynamical information about these self-assemblies are of broad importance. Targeting a quantitative understanding of H1 induced DNA compaction mechanisms, our strategy is based on using small-angle x-ray microdiffraction in combination with microfluidics. The usage of microfluidic hydrodynamic focusing devices facilitates a microscale control of these self-assembly processes, which cannot be achieved using conventional bulk setups. In addition, the method enables time-resolved access to structure formation in situ, in particular, to transient intermediate states. The observed time dependent structure evolution shows that the H1∕DNA interaction can be described as a two-step process: an initial unspecific binding of H1 to DNA is followed by a rearrangement of molecules within the formed assemblies. The second step is most likely induced by interactions between the DNA and the H1's charged side chains. This leads to an increase in lattice spacing within the DNA∕protein assembly and induces a decrease in the correlation length of the mesophases, probably due to a local bending of the DNA.  相似文献   

The dynamics of the impact and coalescence of droplets on a solid surface   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Castrejón-Pita JR  Betton ES  Kubiak KJ  Wilson MC  Hutchings IM 《Biomicrofluidics》2011,5(1):14112

A simple experimental setup to study the impact and coalescence of deposited droplets is described. Droplet impact and coalescence have been investigated by high-speed particle image velocimetry. Velocity fields near the liquid-substrate interface have been observed for the impact and coalescence of 2.4 mm diameter droplets of glycerol∕water striking a flat transparent substrate in air. The experimental arrangement images the internal flow in the droplets from below the substrate with a high-speed camera and continuous laser illumination. Experimental results are in the form of digital images that are processed by particle image velocimetry and image processing algorithms to obtain velocity fields, droplet geometries, and contact line positions. Experimental results are compared with numerical simulations by the lattice Boltzmann method.  相似文献   

Crossing cultures: Analysing the experiences of NZ returnees from the EU (UK vs. non-UK)     

Natalia Chaban  Allan Williams  Martin Holland  Valerie Boyce  Frendehl Warner 《Int J Intercult Relat》2011,35(6):776-790

While there is growing scholarly interest in returned and cyclical migration, and on young adult cultural or adventure seeking migration, there is still a lack of systematic empirical insights into how the experiences of being abroad, and after return, are mediated by exposure to different cultural environments. Addressing this conceptual and empirical gap, the paper analyses the experiences of New Zealand return migrants, or sojourners, who lived and worked in European countries (other than the UK) for more than one year and compares them with the experiences of NZ returnees from the UK. Drawing on 20 ‘non-UK’ and 22 ‘UK’ in-depth interviews, the paper revisits [Rhinesmith, 1975] and [Rhinesmith, 1986] typology of cross-cultural, or intercultural, adjustment (largely ignored in studies of return migration) to assess sojourners’ experiences throughout the migration cycle and serve as a useful tool for identifying and reporting psychological and socio-cultural elements in the returnees stories. The findings of sojourners’ possible identity shifts during intercultural transition are discussed with reference to the four-member paradigm of Cultural Identity Model (CIM) (Sussman, 2010) while addressing Sussman's (2002) argument that overseas adaptation and repatriation experiences are not directly associated. This paper demonstrates the need to understand first that the costs and benefits of circular migration or sojourning are country-specific, and that they do not ‘just happen’ at a particular moment or in one phase but are forged through a veritable rollercoaster of experiences of intercultural adjustment.  相似文献   

Muscle metabolism and performance improvement after two training programmes of sprint running differing in rest interval duration     

Saraslanidis P  Petridou A  Bogdanis GC  Galanis N  Tsalis G  Kellis S  Mougios V 《Journal of sports sciences》2011,29(11):1167-1174

Repeated-sprint training often involves short sprints separated by inadequate recovery intervals. The effects of interval duration on metabolic and performance parameters are unclear. We compared the effects of two training programmes, differing in rest interval duration, on muscle (vastus lateralis) metabolism and sprint performance. Sixteen men trained three times a week for 8 weeks, each training session comprising 2-3 sets of two 80-m sprints. Sprints were separated by 10 s (n = 8) or 1 min (n = 8). Both training programmes improved performance in the 100-, 200-, and 300-m sprints, but the improvement was greater in the 10-s group during the final 100 m of the 200- and 300-m runs. Independent of interval duration, training mitigated the drop of muscle ATP after two 80-m sprints. The drop in phosphocreatine and the increases in glucose-6-phosphate and fructose-6-phosphate after two 80-m sprints were greater in the 10-s group. In conclusion, training with a limited number of repeated short sprints (≤10 s) may be more effective in improving speed maintenance in 200- and 300-m runs when performed with a 1:1 rather than a 1:6 exercise-to-rest ratio. This may be due to a greater activation of glycolysis caused, in part, by the limited resynthesis of phosphocreatine during the very short rest interval.  相似文献   

Comparison of advanced and intermediate 200-m backstroke swimmers' dominant and non-dominant shoulder entry angles across various swimming speeds     

Andrews C  Bakewell J  Scurr JC 《Journal of sports sciences》2011,29(7):743-748

During backstroke, an optimum shoulder entry angle of 180° has been anecdotally suggested; however, this has yet to be investigated biomechanically. The aim of this study was to quantify shoulder entry angles for advanced and intermediate backstroke swimmers. Six advanced (season's best?<150?s) and six intermediate (season's best?>160?s) 200-m backstroke swimmers had markers applied to the medial humeral epicondyles and glenoid cavities. Following a familarization period, participants completed backstroke swimming trials (90?s each) in a swimming flume at 50%, 60%, 70%, and 80% of their season's best 200-m velocity. A camera positioned above the flume recorded frontal plane motion, which was digitized and analysed in Simi Motion Systems. The mean peak angle between the upper arm and the line of progression was established in ten strokes for each participant. The results showed backstroke shoulder entry angles for advanced swimmers (170°) were significantly closer to the suggested optimum 180° compared with those of intermediate swimmers (161°). The non-dominant arm displayed values closer to the optimum (171°), while swimming speed had no effect on backstroke shoulder entry angle. In conclusion, backstroke shoulder entry angle may help discriminate between advanced and intermediate backstroke swimmers and may be influenced by laterality dominance, being independent of swimming speed.  相似文献   

Attentional bias for exercise-related images     

Berry TR  Spence JC  Stolp SM 《Research quarterly for exercise and sport》2011,82(2):302-309

This research examined attentional bias toward exercise-related images using a visual probe task. It was hypothesized that more-active participants would display attentional bias toward the exercise-related images. The results showed that men displayed attentional bias for the exercise images. There was a significant interaction of activity level by gender, and simple slopes analysis showed that active women displayed attentional bias toward the exercise-related images and inactive women displayed attentional bias toward the control images. A similar analysis with explicit attention to the pictures as the outcome variable was not significant. These findings confirm that attention for exercise-related images can be captured automatically regardless of whether people report they are attending to them.  相似文献