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R A Cummins 《Journal of learning disabilities》1991,24(3):160-168
Between 1965 and 1987 Ayres published eight papers that contain among them 10 multivariate analyses that bear upon her conception of sensory integration. These analyses purport to have identified factors that emerge from the scores of children with learning disabilities but not from the scores of academically nondisabled children. A reappraisal of these analyses in combination finds no support for this claim. As a consequence, these data provide no validity for either the diagnostic procedures or the remedial programs for children with learning disabilities that have been derived from this work. 相似文献
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James Cummins 《International Review of Education/Internationale Zeitschrift für Erziehungswissenschaft/Revue internationale l'éducation》1978,24(3):273-282
The continuous decline for over 30 years in the number of Irish immersion schools might suggest that the Irish home-school language switch program has been less successful than its more recent North American counterpart. In fact the Irish experience has often been used to illustrate the potential dangers of bilingualism in education. The present paper examines the evidence for negative effects associated with Irish immersion education and concludes that even in earlier immersion schools, many of which operated with minimal parental support, there is little evidence of detrimental academic effects. Present-day immersion schools are very different from many of the earlier immersion schools in that parents are strongly committed to Irish. The available evidence suggests that in these schools, as in immersion schools elsewhere, children achieve fluent L2 skills at no cost to their L1. Many Irish immersion teachers emphasized the need for a supportive home environment if children were to succeed in an immersion school.
Zusammenfassung Das beständige Absinken der Anzahl rein irisch-sprachiger Schulen seit über dreissig Jahren legt die Vermutung nahe, das irische Programm, zu Hause nicht irisch sprechende Kinder durch die Schule auf die Zweitsprache einzustellen, sei weniger erfolgreich gewesen, als das neuere Gegenstück dazu in Nord-Amerika. Tatsächlich hat man oft das irische Beispiel herangezogen, um die potentiellen Gefahren der Zweisprachigkeit im Schulunterricht aufzuzeigen. Die vorliegende Arbeit überprüft den auf den rein irisch-sprachigen Unterricht bezogenen Nachweis negativer Auswirkungen und kommt zu dem Schluss, selbst in früheren rein irisch-sprachigen Schulen, von denen viele mit einem Mindestmass an Unterstützung durch die Eltern arbeiteten, sind im Wissensmässigen wenig schädliche Auswirkungen nachzuweisen. Die heutigen rein irisch-sprachigen Schulen unterscheiden sich darin sehr von vielen der früheren, dass sich die Eltern stark für das Irische einsetzen. Das verfügbare Beweismaterial deutet darauf hin, dass in diesen Schulen, ebenso wie in gleichartigen Schulen an anderen Orten, Kinder fliessend mit der Zweitsprache arbeiten, ohne dass ihre Muttersprache dadurch beeinträchtigt wird. Viele irische Lehrer an rein irisch-sprachigen Schulen betonten die Notwendigkeit einer förderlichen Umwelt im Elternhaus, wenn Kinder in diesen Schulen Erfolg haben sollen.
Résumé Le déclin persistant que connaissent depuis plus de trente ans la plupart des écoles irlandaises qui pratiquent l'immersion linguistique pourrait laisser supposer que le programme d'enseignement dans une langue différente de celle que l'enfant parle dans sa famille n'a pas connu le succès de son homologue plus récent d'Amérique du Nord. Il est de fait que l'expérience irlandaise a souvent été utilisée pour illustrer les dangers potentiels du bilinguisme dans l'éducation. L'auteur de cet article examine les effets négatifs imputables à l'enseignement donné en irlandais et conclut que même dans les premières écoles d'Irlande à avoir pratiqué ce système de l'immersion linguistique — avec souvent une coopération très restreinte de la part des familles — les effets préjudiciables sur le plan académique ne sont pas évidents. Les écoles qui pratiquent actuellement ce système sont très différentes des pionnières en ce que les parents, désormais, se montrent fortement attachés à l'irlandais. Les informations dont on dispose tendraient à prouver que dans ces écoles, comme dans les établissements équivalents des autres pays, les enfants parviennent à une pratique courante de L2 sans que ce soit pour autant au détriment de L1. De nombreux enseignants irlandais, spécialistes de l'immersion linguistique, soulignent la nécessité d'un milieu familial d'appoint si l'on veut que les enfants obtiennent de bons résultats.相似文献
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Despite the research examining various production aspects of broadcast sport, scholars have generally overlooked a ubiquitous sonic component of broadcasts—spectators’ aural response (i.e., crowd noise). Such cues can act as a heuristic to influence perceptions of competition, particularly in the absence of visuals. Using continuous response measurement, this experiment demonstrates how mediated spectator response in the form of crowd noise yields enhanced perceptions of the exciting nature of broadcast sport, although the effect is diminished in televised sports. Implications are suggested for contemporary sport consumption, where aural cues can draw attention to game events in multi-screen viewing scenarios. 相似文献
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R. Glenn Cummins 《Journal of Applied Communication Research》2013,41(4):374-396
This study examines the use of subjective camera, and its impact on fans’ and nonfans’ experience of presence and subjective evaluations of play. In a mixed-measures experiment, high, moderate, and low sports fans viewed 16 plays from a college football game shown via either subjective or objective camera. The study found that plays viewed through the subjective camera elicited a significantly greater sense of spatial presence as well as presence as engagement. Presence also varied as a function of participants’ degree of fanship. Subjective evaluations of game play were also a function of sports fanship. 相似文献
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Robert A. Cummins Marita P. McCabe Yolanda Romeo Shelley Reid Lea Waters 《International Journal of Disability, Development & Education》1997,44(1):7-19
This paper introduces a new scale to measure the life quality of people with an intellectual disability. The Comprehensive Quality of Life Scale‐‐Intellectual Disability incorporates features that reflect contemporary understanding of the quality of life construct and exists in a parallel form for the general population. Psychometric data are presented and comparisons are made between data collected from 59 people with an intellectual disability, the vicarious responses of each respondent's primary caregiver, and 69 university students. It is concluded that the scale represents a useful instrument to measure comparative life quality. 相似文献
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Nicholas Dalton-Barron Sarah Whitehead Gregory Roe Cloe Cummins Clive Beggs Ben Jones 《Journal of sports sciences》2020,38(10):1161-1180
ABSTRACT This systematic review aimed to identify and summarise associations between currently identified contextual factors and match running in senior male professional rugby league. Eligible articles included at least one contextual factor and used GPS to measure at least one displacement variable within competitive senior, male, professional rugby league matches. Of the 15 included studies, the identified contextual factors were grouped into factors related to individual characteristics (n = 3), match result (n = 4), team strength (n = 2), opposition strength (n = 3), match conditions (n = 6), technical and tactical demands (n = 6), spatial and temporal characteristics (n = 7), and nutrition (n = 1). Speed was the most commonly reported measure of match running (100%), followed by distance (47%), and acceleration (20%). Inconsistencies were found between studies for most contextual factors on match running. Higher speeds were generally associated with higher fitness, encountered earlier in the match and whilst defending. All 15 studies utilised a univariate approach to quantify associations of a contextual factor. The inconsistencies found in the associations of given contextual factors highlight the complex and multi-faceted nature of match running. Therefore, practitioners should consider contextual factors when analysing and interpreting GPS data. 相似文献