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21.
Our aims were to improve our understanding of human performance before 1850 and to put nineteenth- and twentieth-century performances into a broader historical context. Consequently, 536 foot-races performed in Britain in the 'long' eighteenth century were identified, 53 of which were analysed in detail. The best performances at the end of the eighteenth century were compared with those at the end of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. The data for the nineteenth century were marginally better than those for the eighteenth century up to 20 km, but beyond that Thomas Carlisle's time, set in about 1740, of 2 hours for 21 miles was outstanding. Current records are shown to be better than earlier records at all distances from 5 km up to the marathon, the superiority being most pronounced from 15 km upwards. 相似文献
22.
Using mathematical analysis, we examined the three baton exchanges that occur during a 4×100 m relay. Identical representative 100 m running performances were assumed for each of four elite male athletes, and the calculations were made for optimal or near-optimal positions of the baton exchanges and starting positions of the athletes running the second, third and fourth legs as determined by Ward-Smith and Radford (2002). In this paper, we focus on the calculation of the checkmark position and demonstrate the complexity of the baton exchange process. The results of the mathematical analysis show that, for optimal performance, the checkmark should be located differently for each of the three exchanges in a single race, and is further affected by lane draw and free distance (the distance between the runners at the baton exchange). For a representative free distance of 1 m at each exchange, the checkmark distance ranges from a minimum of 11.04 m at the third exchange in Lane 1 to 12.20 m for the first exchange in Lane 8. Failure by teams and their coaches to consider adequately the complexities of the baton exchanges may help explain why 25.5% of teams in recent World Championships were disqualified or did not finish. 相似文献
23.
Daniele Conte Mitchell Robert Smith Fabrizio Santolamazza Terence Girard Favero Antonio Tessitore Aaron Coutts 《Journal of sports sciences》2019,37(11):1205-1211
This study aimed to assess the reliability, usefulness and construct validity of the newly developed Combined Basketball Skill Test (CBST). Fifteen recreational (age = 22.8 ± 4.2 y, stature = 184.8 ± 6.5 cm, body mass = 81.6 ± 9.6 kg, training experience = 9.8 ± 5.3 y) and fifteen semiprofessional (age = 18.9 ± 3.3 y, stature = 190.5 ± 8.1 cm, body mass = 84.2 ± 11.2 kg, training experience = 11.1 ± 3.5 y) players volunteered to participate in this study. Test–retest reliability and usefulness were examined for recreational players, while construct validity was evaluated comparing the two player groups. The CBST is composed of 12 trials and its outcome measures include: completion time (sum of the 12 trial times); penalty time (sum of the times from the 12 trials); performance time (completion time + penalty time) and total number of errors. Relative reliability analysis showed acceptable ICC values (i.e. ≥0.70) in all the studied variables. Absolute reliability analysis showed a CV < 5% for completion (1.6%) and performance (2.0%) time, while a CV >5% is reported for the remaining variables. The usefulness of the test was considered “Marginal” and “Good” when comparing TE values with SWC02 and SWC05, respectively for all the studied variables. Likely and very likely differences were shown between recreational and semiprofessional players in all investigated variables. Results showed that the CBST is reliable, useful to detect moderate changes and valid to assess basketball skills. 相似文献
24.
Mitchell R. Smith Linus Zeuwts Matthieu Lenoir Nathalie Hens Laura M. S. De Jong Aaron J. Coutts 《Journal of sports sciences》2016,34(14):1297-1304
ABSTRACTThis study aimed to investigate the impact of mental fatigue on soccer-specific decision-making. Twelve well-trained male soccer players performed a soccer-specific decision-making task on two occasions, separated by at least 72 h. The decision-making task was preceded in a randomised order by 30 min of the Stroop task (mental fatigue) or 30 min of reading from magazines (control). Subjective ratings of mental fatigue were measured before and after treatment, and mental effort (referring to treatment) and motivation (referring to the decision-making task) were measured after treatment. Performance on the soccer-specific decision-making task was assessed using response accuracy and time. Visual search behaviour was also assessed throughout the decision-making task. Subjective ratings of mental fatigue and effort were almost certainly higher following the Stroop task compared to the magazines. Motivation for the upcoming decision-making task was possibly higher following the Stroop task. Decision-making accuracy was very likely lower and response time likely higher in the mental fatigue condition. Mental fatigue had unclear effects on most visual search behaviour variables. The results suggest that mental fatigue impairs accuracy and speed of soccer-specific decision-making. These impairments are not likely related to changes in visual search behaviour. 相似文献
25.
This paper gives a summary of a presentation made by Glen Coutts and an exhibition organised by Mark Dawes at the InSEA conference held in Glasgow during July 1997. It concerns recent developments and initiatives using artists, designers and students in Scottish schools. The presentation at InSEA was supported by slides of the students’ work and an outline of the processes used in each of the workshop sessions. During the presentation the conference had the opportunity to view the results of collaboration between artists, students and school children aged between 10 and 14 years. These projects took place over a period of five to six months, and have resulted in an ambitious project which will be completed during 1999, Glasgow’s year as UK City of Architecture and Design. The projects used visual artists to expand and enhance the art activities normally taking place in the schools. This paper reports on the following areas: developments in Art & Design Education in Scotland – the context for artists in schools, Artists and Education – two case studies and future developments – towards 1999. 相似文献
26.
Joy W. Whitenack Nancy Knipping Sue Novinger Linda Coutts Scott Standifer 《Journal of Mathematics Teacher Education》2000,3(2):101-123
This article reports findings from a five-day summer institute conducted with 27 practicing primary-grade teachers. The institute
was part of a year-long professional development project that supported teachers' thinking about children's arithmetical understanding.
From Quicktime movies that contained excerpts of six children's interviews, pairs of teachers developed mini-cases about the
children's arithmetical understanding. At the end of the institute, the teachers presented their mini-case studies to the
group. Teachers developed two types of hypotheses: hypotheses about children's thinking and hypotheses about what it means
for children to know and do mathematics. After providing examples to clarify the two types of hypotheses, we address the challenges
we faced in developing multimedia inquiry-based environments that facilitated teachers' thinking about children's arithmetical
thinking.
This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
27.
A strong core of qualities—a model of the professional educator that moves beyond reflection 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
This paper seeks to move beyond reflective practice as an approach to continuing professional development in teaching and related professions. Drawing on experience of working with teachers in a Scottish Higher Education context, consideration is given to what makes a “good” teacher, leading to a new model proposal that emphasises the importance to continuing professional development of sense making. A strong core of qualities is identified as an important characteristic of teachers able to grow and develop practice. The composition, characteristics and action of this strong core are identified. 相似文献
28.
While reflection continues to be promoted as a central feature of teachers' continuous professional development (CPD) activities in Scotland and elsewhere, a wider debate across professions and national boundaries has opened as to how reflection might be re-conceptualised to restore its social and critical dimensions. This paper seeks to contribute to this debate, arguing that drawing ideas from the literatures on both reflection and communities of practice provides a sounder foundation upon which to build CPD activities that are likely to support professional renewal than that provided by either concept by itself. In particular, the authors draw on their participation in a number of Scottish research and development projects to focus on shared sense-making and collaborative engagement as activities that can enhance reflection. The paper concludes with a set of design principles for CPD activities. 相似文献
29.
D.C. McKenzie K.D. Coutts D.R. Stirling H.H. Hoeben G. Kuzara 《Journal of sports sciences》2013,31(1):35-38
In order to determine the influence of two artificially induced alkalotic states on the ability to perform maximal exercise, six male subjects (mean age, 22.0 years; mean height, 176.8 cm; mean weight, 69.1 kg; mean VO2 max, 3.83 1 min‐1) were studied during three experimental trials. The subjects performed six 60‐s cycling bouts, at a work rate corresponding to 125% VO2 max, with 60 s recovery between work bouts; these regimes were performed 1 h after the ingestion of a solution containing either: I, placebo; II, NaHCO3 in a dosage of 0.15 g per kg body weight; or III, NaHCO3 0.30 g per kg body weight. The sixth work bout was continued until the pedal velocity dropped below 50 rev min‐1. Total work done for the entire work period was calculated. Blood samples were taken from a forearm vein prior to the exercise bouts for analysis of pH and HCO3. The results showed a significant pre‐exercise difference in pH and HCO3 for all conditions (P<0.01). In conditions where artificial alkalosis had been achieved prior to exercise there was significant increase in the work produced: I, 121.6 kJ; II, 133.1 kJ; III, 133.5 kJ (P<0.05). The time to fatigue in the sixth bout was also significantly increased: I, 74.7 s; II, 111.0 s; III, 106.0 s (P<0.05). There were no significant differences between conditions II and III. Thus augmentation of the bicarbonate reserves has a significant positive effect on the energy metabolism in interval‐type exercise, leading to an increase in the work done and in the time to fatigue. However, an increasing level of alkalosis had no additional benefit, suggesting that maximum contribution to buffering capacity had been achieved at the lower dose. 相似文献
30.