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11.
Elizabeth A. Simpson Krisztina V. Jakobsen Fabrice Damon Stephen J. Suomi Pier F. Ferrari Annika Paukner 《Child development》2017,88(1):103-113
In visually complex environments, numerous items compete for attention. Infants may exhibit attentional efficiency—privileged detection, attention capture, and holding—for face‐like stimuli. However, it remains unknown when these biases develop and what role, if any, experience plays in this emerging skill. Here, nursery‐reared infant macaques' (Macaca mulatta; n = 10) attention to faces in 10‐item arrays of nonfaces was measured using eye tracking. With limited face experience, 3‐week‐old monkeys were more likely to detect faces and looked longer at faces compared to nonfaces, suggesting a robust face detection system. By 3 months, after peer exposure, infants looked faster to conspecific faces but not heterospecific faces, suggesting an own‐species bias in face attention capture, consistent with perceptual attunement. 相似文献
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Technological progress is often at the heart of improvements in quality of life. The development of personal computers (PCs) and the Internet are among the most important technological advances of the last century. PCs and the Internet have profoundly changed the way we access information, shop, view media, communicate, socialize, and spend our time. Despite the many benefits of computer and Internet use, certain population groups – especially low-educated and older consumers – have not yet fully adopted computer technology and the Internet in their daily lives. This paper estimates the effects of early-life education on computer and Internet use among older Italians. Using data on early-life educational attainment and computer and Internet use of older adults from the 2013 Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE), we exploit a historical increase in compulsory schooling in Italy as an instrumental variable for education to estimate the effects of early-life education on the adoption of PCs and on current use of the Internet. We find large and statistically significant effects of early-life education on later-life technology use among older persons who obtained additional education due to increased schooling requirements. In our benchmark estimations, one additional year of schooling resulted in an eight percentage point increase in the probability of having ever used a computer and in a 12 percentage point increase in the probability of reporting to have at least good computer skills. Individuals affected by the reform were also six percentage points more likely to have used the Internet in the last week. These findings are robust across different sample selection and model specification strategies. Our analysis also suggests that occupational choice and computer use at work are important channels through which education affects the adoption and use of computers and the Internet. Our findings thus highlight the likely importance of early-life education for later-life computer and the Internet use and perhaps technology adoption more broadly. 相似文献
13.
Objective
To determine the prevalence of five forms of abuse/neglect during childhood and adolescence in a group of schizophrenic patients with a history of violence.Methods
Twenty-eight patients hospitalized in a highly secured psychiatric unit were included. Abuse and neglect during patients’ growth were evaluated with the childhood trauma questionnaire (CTQ). History of substance abuse (consumption of cannabis, and/or alcohol, and/or heroin, and/or cocaine during the year that preceded the hospitalization), incarceration, and death of a close parent were also collected.Results
We found that 46.4% of patients experienced at least 1 form of abuse and/or neglect during childhood and 21.4% of them had experienced more than 2 forms of abuse and/or neglect. The 2 most frequent forms of neglect and abuse were physical abuse (39.3%) and emotional neglect (17.9%). History of substance abuse was found for cannabis (57.1%), alcohol (57.1%), and cocaine and/or heroin (35.7%). We found that 42.8% of patients had 1 close relative who had died during their growth and that 41.6% of these deaths were violent.Conclusion
It appears important to systematically search for and assess a history of abuse and neglect during growth in schizophrenic patients with a history of violence, in order to offer specific treatments for this group of patients. 相似文献14.
Four‐ to Six‐Year‐Old Children's Sensitivity to Reliability Versus Consensus in the Endorsement of Object Labels 
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下载免费PDF全文 Recent studies have demonstrated that young children use past reliability and consensus to endorse object labels. Until now, no study has investigated how children weigh these two cues when they are in conflict. The two experiments reported here were designed to explore whether any initial preference for information provided by a consensual group would be influenced by the group's subsequent unreliability. The results show that 4‐ and 5‐year‐old children were more likely to endorse labels provided by an unreliable but consensual group than the labels provided by a reliable dissenter. Six‐year‐olds displayed the reverse pattern. The article concludes by discussing the methodological implications of the two experiments and the developmental trajectory regarding the way children weigh consensuality versus reliability. 相似文献
15.
Fabrice Neddam 《Gender and education》2004,16(3):303-326
Thomas Arnold has been a controversial figure for historians of the English public schools. He has been depicted either as the great reformer of these famous institutions or as an ordinary head master who did not do better than his contemporary colleagues. This article seeks to continue the debate about the assessment of his head master‐ship by using gender as a category of analysis of this early Victorian, all‐male environment. It opens with a consideration of the gap that existed between the particular form of ‘moral masculinity’ Arnold wanted Rugby schoolboys to adopt and the different masculinities that actually emerged from the interactions of that miniature society. Bullying is particularly understood not only as an institutionalised form of rebellion but also as a gendered practice which consisted in rejecting what was considered effeminate. Finally, while it is shown that a demarcation of masculinities took place away from adult check, it is also argued that the degree of rebellion against the prescribed form of masculinity was partly dependent on the personality and methods of the ‘prescriber’. 相似文献
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Fabrice Dosseville Sylvain Laborde Nicolas Scelles 《Learning and individual differences》2012,22(2):258-262
We investigated the influence of music during learning on the academic performance of undergraduate students, and more particularly the influence of affects induced by music. Altogether 249 students were involved in the study, divided into a control group and an experimental group. Both groups attended the same videotaped lecture, with the addition of classical music for the experimental group. Just after the lecture, both groups had to fill out a multiple choice questionnaire (MCQ) aimed to assess their learning during the lecture. The MCQ score of the experimental group was significantly higher than that of the control group. Affect just before the exam predicted significantly the MCQ-score, however music accounted for an additional part of variance. The effect of music on academic performance is not only about affects, and further research should investigate the underlying mechanisms resulting from a change in the perception of the learning environment. 相似文献
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Vercruyssen F Boitel G Alberty M Nesi X Bourdon L Brisswalter J 《Journal of sports sciences》2012,30(10):1055-1061
The aim of this study was to examine the effect of kick frequency on metabolic efficiency and performance in elite monofin-swimmers at the surface. Seven participants of international calibre were requested to perform three separate time limit exercises conducted at an intensity corresponding to 97.5% of the velocity at the maximal oxygen uptake. The first Time Limit exercise was systematically conducted at a freely chosen kick frequency (FCK(F)) and the other Time Limit exercises were performed in random order at FCK(F)-10% and FCK(F) + 10%. The slow component of oxygen uptake (VO2sc) was identified independently of the Time Limit exercise (ranging from 180 to 243 ml · min(-1), P < 0.05). No significant change in energy cost of aquatic locomotion (ranging from 565 to (596 J · m(-1)) and [VO2sc) responses was observed between the three Time Limit exercises. An increase or decrease of 10% of the FCK(F) was associated with a significant reduction in Time Limit of -47.3% and -49.1%, respectively (P < 0.05). The analysis of the Time Limit exercise indicates that the selection of kick frequency other than FCK(F) is detrimental to overall monofin-swimming performance. Furthermore, the study results showed that the indicators of metabolic efficiency such as energy cost or [VO2sc) do not determine the performance response in elite monofin-swimmers at a severe intensity. 相似文献
19.
Fabrice Delsahut 《国际体育史杂志》2015,32(7):923-938
The purpose of this paper is to present a historical anthropological study of the sportization of lacrosse. The Native American game called lacrosse originally refers both to a ritual and an activity; the technical, physical, and magic-religious acts were combined in a single practice. In the nineteenth century, under the leadership of the Canadian William G. Beers, a true institutionalization of lacrosse took place through a process whose purpose was to ‘control’ the game, in which the political and economic necessities have become dominant. Is this shift from the original game to a sport an epistemological shift or a sporting hybridization process between the two practices? 相似文献
20.
In studies of firm's innovation performance, regression analysis can involve a significant level of model uncertainty because the ‘true’ model, and therefore the appropriate set of explanatory variables are unknown. Drawing on innovation survey data for France, Germany, and the United Kingdom, we assess the robustness of the literature on inbound open innovation to variable selection choices, using Bayesian model averaging (BMA). We investigate a wide range of innovation determinants proposed in the literature and establish a robust set of findings for the variables related to the introduction of new-to-the-firm and new-to-the-world innovation with the aim of gauging the overall healthiness of the literature. Overall, we find greater robustness for explanations for new-to-the-firm rather than new-to-the-world innovation. We explore how this approach might help to improve our understanding of innovation. 相似文献