Characteristic behaviour orientations of young scientists: A comparison between young mathematicians/physicists and other natural scientists     

Gabriele Gross  Barbara Haenschke  Rainer Tenzler 《Higher Education》1988,17(4):391-396

Methods of sociological enquiry using data on qualifications, performance indicators, conditions for research and social background were used to investigate aspects of behaviour in young natural scientists relevant to research careers. It was shown that mathematicians and physicists were essentially more intrinsically motivated than the other cadres in the fields of natural sciences and that this manifested itself in a high intensity of work and a greater involvement in activities.  相似文献   

Effective self-regulation of goal attainment     

Gabriele  Gaby  Peter M.   《International Journal of Educational Research》2000,33(7-8):705-732

Self-regulatory strategies of goal setting and goal striving are analyzed in three experiments. Experiment 1 uses fantasy realization theory (Oettingen, in: J. Brandstätter, R.M. Lerner (Eds.), Action and Self Development: Theory and Research through the Life Span, Sage Publications Inc, Thousand Oaks, CA, 1999, pp. 315–342) to analyze the self-regulatory processes of turning free fantasies about a desired future into binding goals. School children 8–12 years of age who had to mentally elaborate a desired academic future as well as present reality standing in its way, formed stronger goal commitments than participants solely indulging in the desired future or merely dwelling on present reality (Experiment 1). Effective implementation of set goals is addressed in the second and third experiments (Gollwitzer, Am. Psychol. 54 (1999) 493–503). Adolescents who had to furnish a set educational goal with relevant implementation intentions (specifying where, when, and how they would start goal pursuit) were comparatively more successful in meeting the goal (Experiment 2). Linking anticipated situations with goal-directed behaviors (i.e., if–then plans) rather than the mere thinking about good opportunities to act makes implementation intentions facilitate action initiation (Experiment 3).  相似文献   

The impact of microfluidics in high-throughput drug-screening applications     

Paola De Stefano  Elena Bianchi  Gabriele Dubini 《Biomicrofluidics》2022,16(3)

Drug discovery is an expensive and lengthy process. Among the different phases, drug discovery and preclinical trials play an important role as only 5–10 of all drugs that begin preclinical tests proceed to clinical trials. Indeed, current high-throughput screening technologies are very expensive, as they are unable to dispense small liquid volumes in an accurate and quick way. Moreover, despite being simple and fast, drug screening assays are usually performed under static conditions, thus failing to recapitulate tissue-specific architecture and biomechanical cues present in vivo even in the case of 3D models. On the contrary, microfluidics might offer a more rapid and cost-effective alternative. Although considered incompatible with high-throughput systems for years, technological advancements have demonstrated how this gap is rapidly reducing. In this Review, we want to further outline the role of microfluidics in high-throughput drug screening applications by looking at the multiple strategies for cell seeding, compartmentalization, continuous flow, stimuli administration (e.g., drug gradients or shear stresses), and single-cell analyses.  相似文献   

Who Publishes More Books in U.S. English Departments,Men or Women?     

Nicole Benevento  Albert N. Greco  Toniann Pasqueralle  Clara Rodriguez  Francesca Russo  Alana M. Spendley  Kelly Sullivan  Yiming Sun  Robert M. Wharton 《Publishing Research Quarterly》2017,33(4):357-372

The “gender gap” in the U.S. publication of English language and literature scholarly books has not been fully investigated. In order to investigate gender disparity, we collected, aggregated, and analyzed data on 1633 faculty members who authored or edited 4835 scholarly books at the top 50 U.S. English Ph.D. departments. Despite the fact that more women than men have received Ph.D.s in English since 1987, the top 50 departments are predominantly male, and male faculty members publish more books on a per capita basis. However, who publishes more books in these departments varies: (1) with the department that the faculty member is in (with grater parity in the middle 30 departments); and (2) when the faculty member published their first book, with female faculty who published their first book after 1998 publishing as many books on a per person basis as male faculty. This paper also offers recommendations on how marketing strategies can be used to ameliorate the “gender gap” in this academic field.  相似文献   

Can a Unified Approach Help in Teaching Philosophy of Science?     

Federica Russo 《Science & Education》2016,25(7-8):929-931

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Philosophy of medicine: between clinical trials and mechanisms     

Federica Russo 《Metascience》2012,21(2):387-390

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The Importance of Being Colorful and Able to Fly: Interpretation and implications of children's statements on selected insects and other invertebrates     

Gabriele B. Breuer  Peter Kauf  Reto Rupf 《International Journal of Science Education》2013,35(16):2664-2687

Children have served as research subjects in several surveys on attitudes to insects and invertebrates. Most of the studies have used quantitative scoring methods to draw conclusions. This paper takes a different approach as it analyzes children's free-text comments to gain an understanding of their viewpoints. A total of 246 children aged 9–13 completed a standard questionnaire regarding their attitudes toward 18 invertebrates indigenous to Switzerland. Fourteen insect species and four other invertebrates were individually presented in a color photograph without any further background information. The children were given the opportunity to provide comments on each animal to explain the attitude score they had awarded. Nearly 5,000 comments were coded and categorized into 7 positive and 9 negative categories. A significant correlation between fear and disgust was not detected. Based on a hierarchical cluster analysis, we concluded that flying in the air versus crawling on the ground was a major differentiator for attitude and underlying reasons, only being trumped by the fear of getting stung. The visualization of our findings in a cluster heat map provided further insights into shared statement categories by species. Our analysis establishes that fear and disgust are separate emotions with regard to insects and other invertebrates. Based on our findings, we believe that prejudice-based fear and culturally evolved revulsion can be overcome. We suggest promoting environmental education programs, especially if they allow for personal experience, provide information in emotion-activating formats, and include content that resolves existing misinformation and myths.  相似文献   

Self‐regulation strategies improve self‐discipline in adolescents: benefits of mental contrasting and implementation intentions     

Angela Lee Duckworth  Heidi Grant  Benjamin Loew  Gabriele Oettingen  Peter M. Gollwitzer 《教育心理学》2011,31(1):17-26

Adolescents struggle with setting and striving for goals that require sustained self‐discipline. Research on adults indicates that goal commitment is enhanced by mental contrasting (MC), a strategy involving the cognitive elaboration of a desired future with relevant obstacles of present reality. Implementation intentions (II), which identify the action one will take when a goal‐relevant opportunity arises, represent a strategy shown to increase goal attainment when commitment is high. This study tests the effect of mental contrasting combined with implementation intentions (MCII) on successful goal implementation in adolescents. Sixty‐six 2nd‐year high school students preparing to take a high‐stakes exam in the fall of their third year were randomly assigned to complete either a 30‐minute written mental contrasting with implementation intentions intervention or a placebo control writing exercise. Students in the intervention condition completed more than 60% more practice questions than did students in the control condition. These findings point to the utility of directly teaching to adolescents mental contrasting with implementation intentions as a self‐regulatory strategy of successful goal pursuit.  相似文献   

Science Letters： Vascular architecture： is it a helpful histopathological biomarker for hepatocellular carcinoma？     

Grizzi F  Franceschini B  Fiamengo B  Russo C  Dioguardi N 《Journal of Zhejiang University. Science. B》2007,8(4):217-220

Hepatocellular carcinoma （HCC） remains one of the major public health problems throughout the world. Although originally associated with tumorigenic processes, liver angiogenesis has also been observed in the context of different liver inflammatory, fibrotic, and ischemic conditions. Here we investigate the fractal dimension as a quantitator of non-Euclidean two-dimensional vascular geometry in a series of paired specimens of primary HCC and surrounding non-tumoral tissue, and discuss why this parameter might provide additional information regarding cancer behavior. The application of fractal geometry to the measurement of liver vascularity and the availability of a computer-aided quantitative method can eliminate errors in visual interpretation, and make it possible to obtain closer-to-reality numerals that are compulsory for any measurement process.  相似文献   

Transformations in Cultural Communication: Social Media,Cultural Exchange,and Creative Connections     

Angelina Russo 《Curator: The Museum Journal》2011,54(3):327-346

Abstract Throughout the cultural institution sector, shifts in audience participation call for new ways to share knowledge and view partnerships both online and onsite. Increasingly, this “transformation in cultural communication” suggests that a new type of mutually beneficial exchange is required between audiences and museums; and that those acting as agents of cultural change must be cognizant of how a participatory culture will drive our future institutional missions. This paper offers two examples of how the implementation of strategic social media programs can drive online cultural exchange and create new connections with diverse communities. It presents a convergence of initiatives undertaken within the sector over the past five years while offering a frame through which to view future innovations. Based on research undertaken with multiple organizations, it recognizes that the time is right to merge existing innovations with strategically developed communication programs to achieve a demonstrable, verifiable basis for the value of our museums.  相似文献