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Stephen A. Ingham Ken A. van Someren Glyn Howatson 《Journal of sports sciences》2013,31(13):1377-1382
Abstract The aim of this study was to examine the effect of concentric warm-up exercise on eccentrically induced changes in muscle strength, range of motion, and soreness of the elbow flexors. Ten resistance-exercise naïve participants performed intermittent incremental eccentric actions (42 in total) of the elbow flexor muscles of each arm to induce muscle damage. The arms of each participant were randomly assigned either to a pre-eccentric exercise warm-up involving intermittent concentric exercise (warm-up) or no prior exercise (control). Strength, range of motion, and ratings of soreness were recorded before and 1, 2, 3, 4, and 7 days after exercise. Strength, range of motion, and soreness during muscular movements changed over time (P at most 0.01; Cohen's d at least 0.51, medium). There was an interaction (P < 0.001) for strength, showing a smaller reduction after exercise for warm-up than control (P < 0.001, d = 2.44, large effect). The decreased range of motion was less for warm-up than control for the arm while extended (P < 0.001), flexed (P = 0.002), and relaxed (P = 0.004). Muscle soreness was reduced for the warm-up group, while the muscle was flexed, extended, and relaxed compared with control (P < 0.001). The results demonstrate that a concentric warm-up exercise attenuates the reduction in loss of strength, range of motion, and muscle soreness after eccentric-exercise-induced muscle damage and might allow higher intensities of training to be performed. 相似文献
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This article investigates the impact of a changing higher education system on young adults' priorities and motivations. A considerable number of studies have explored the impact of recent changes on patterns of participation within higher education. However, there has been less emphasis on how such changes have been played out in the experiences of graduates and, more specifically, in the interface between higher education and lifelong learning. To redress this gap, this article explores the changes to graduates' experiences brought about by the ‘massification’ of the higher education system. Research conducted amongst young people in Australia has suggested that as result of the normalisation of post‐compulsory education and the encouragement of high aspirations, young people have come to assume a one‐to‐one relationship between being qualified and having a lasting professional career. It has been argued that as a result of these assumptions, young adults are often disappointed when they do eventually enter the labour market, and experience uncertainties previously associated with the end of compulsory schooling. If young adults do indeed feel misled about the rewards of a higher education, it is possible that this may have a significant bearing on their perceptions of the value of engaging in further education and training in the future. Drawing on 90 life history interviews with graduates in their mid‐twenties, this article explores the prevalence of such attitudes in the UK and their impact on young adults' attitudes to lifelong learning. 相似文献
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Peter Petocz Anna Reid Leigh N. Wood Geoff H. Smith Glyn Mather Ansie Harding Johann Engelbrecht Ken Houston Joel Hillel Gillian Perrett 《International Journal of Science and Mathematics Education》2007,5(3):439-459
In this paper, we report on an international study of undergraduate mathematics students’ conceptions of mathematics. Almost
1,200 students in five countries completed a short survey including three open-ended questions asking about their views of
mathematics and its role in their future studies and planned professions. Responses were analysed starting from a previously-developed
phenomenographic framework (Reid et al., 2003) which required only minor modification. Students’ conceptions of mathematics ranged from the narrowest view as a focus on
calculations with numbers, through a notion of mathematics as a focus on models or abstract structures, to the broadest view
of mathematics as an approach to life and a way of thinking. Broader conceptions of mathematics were more likely to be found
in later-year students (p<0.001) and there were significant differences between universities (p<0.001). The information obtained from the study not only confirms previous research, but also provides a basis for future
development of a monitoring questionnaire. 相似文献
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The present study examined the development of sensitivity to positive and negative moods metaphorically expressed through the formal properties of paintings. Subjects aged from 5 to 17 years provided mood labels (happy, sad, angry, or calm) for abstract works that had been rated by adults as saliently expressing one of these four moods. Sensitivity to the expression of all moods developed with age, with correct assignment of moods above chance levels at 7 years and older. Performance of the 7‐year‐olds on the happy works was significantly superior to that on the sad works. Subjects also labelled abstract works that had been rated equivocally in terms of mood by the adults. Significantly more positive than negative feelings were read into the mood‐equivocal works across all ages. These findings are interpreted according to Parsons’ (1987) stage account of aesthetic appreciation. The combined analysis of subjects’ justifications for their choices on all the works confirmed that children can associate formal properties of paintings with moods. 相似文献
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This article considers why central government policies are often insensitive to the range of contexts in which they are to be implemented. It reports on small-scale research into one instance of such 'policy insensitivity' associated with the low take-up of candidature for the National Professional Qualification for Headship (NPQH) among teachers in small primary schools during the early years of the original NPQH assessment and training scheme in Wales. Findings are reported on perceptions of LEA advisers, aspiring headteachers and their headteachers about the under-recruitment problem. It is noted how the revised NPQH policy appears to be addressing some of the problems identified. The wider significance of policy insensitivity for centralised policy making is highlighted. 相似文献
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Post-exercise cryotherapy treatments are typically short duration interventions. This study examined the efficacy of prolonged cooling using phase change material (PCM) on strength loss and pain after eccentric exercise. Eight adults performed 120 bilateral eccentric quadriceps contractions (90% MVC). Immediately afterwards, frozen PCM packs (15°C) were placed over the quadriceps, with room temperature PCM packs on the contralateral quadriceps. Skin temperature was recorded continually (6 h PCM application). Isometric quadriceps strength and soreness were assessed before, 24, 48, 72 and 96 h post-exercise. The protocol was repeated 5 months later, with room temperature PCM applied to both legs. There were three treatments: legs treated with 15°C PCM packs (direct cooling), legs treated with room temperature PCM packs contralateral to the 15°C PCM packs (systemic cooling), and legs tested 5 months later both treated with room temperature PCM packs (control). Skin temperature was 9°C–10°C lower with direct cooling versus systemic cooling and control (P < 0.01). Strength loss and soreness were less (P < 0.05) with direct cooling versus systemic cooling and control (strength 101%, 94%, 93%, respectively; pain 1.0, 2.3, 2.7, respectively). Six hours of PCM cooling was well tolerated and reduced strength loss and pain after damaging exercise. 相似文献
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Sarrazin P Roberts G Cury F Biddle S Famose JP 《Research quarterly for exercise and sport》2002,73(4):425-436
In achievement contexts such as sport, achievement goal theory assumes that an individual's major concern is to demonstrate competence. However, competence may be expressed in two ways: as task and ego involvement (Nicholls, 1989). Seventy-eight boys (M age = 13.6 years) performed five climbing courses, and the influence of achievement goals, perceived ability, and task difficulty on effort and performance was studied. According to the achievement goal theory: (a) task-involved boys exerted more effort and performed better than ego-involved boys; and (b) exerted effort was determined by an interaction of one's achievement goal, perceived ability (PA), and task difficulty. Ego-high PA boys and task-low PA boys exerted the most effort on the moderate course; ego-low PA boys exerted least effort on the moderate and very difficult courses. Finally, task-high PA boys exerted more effort on the most difficult courses. The motivational processes underlying these findings are discussed. 相似文献
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The aim of this study was to examine the effect of concentric warm-up exercise on eccentrically induced changes in muscle strength, range of motion, and soreness of the elbow flexors. Ten resistance-exercise naive participants performed intermittent incremental eccentric actions (42 in total) of the elbow flexor muscles of each arm to induce muscle damage. The arms of each participant were randomly assigned either to a pre-eccentric exercise warm-up involving intermittent concentric exercise (warm-up) or no prior exercise (control). Strength, range of motion, and ratings of soreness were recorded before and 1, 2, 3, 4, and 7 days after exercise. Strength, range of motion, and soreness during muscular movements changed over time (P at most 0.01; Cohen's d at least 0.51, medium). There was an interaction (P?相似文献