Symmetrical generalization decrements: Configural stimulus processing in human contingency learning     

Anna Thorwart  Harald Lachnit 《Learning & behavior》2009,37(1):107-115

Models of associative learning differ in their predictions concerning the symmetry of generalization decrements. Whereas Pearce’s (1994) configural model predicts the same response decrement after adding elements to and after removing elements from a previously trained stimulus, elemental models, such as the replaced elements model and Harris’s (2006) model, anticipate more of a decrement for removing than for adding elements. In three contingency learning experiments, we manipulated the motion and the spatial arrangement of colored dots in order to induce configural or elemental processing by perceptual grouping. The results reliably showed symmetrical decrements for the added and removed groups. The manipulations of the stimuli had no effect on stimulus processing. This is in line with Pearce’s configural model, but it is at variance with the elemental models and previous studies.  相似文献   

Geben und Nehmen     

Martin Kohli  Harald Künemund 《Zeitschrift für Erziehungswissenschaft》2001,4(4):513-528

Zusammenfassung Lange haben alltagsweltliche überzeugungen und sozialwissenschaftliche Theorien darin übereingestimmt, die Beziehung zwischen den erwachsenen Generationen in der Familie habe sich im Zuge der gesellschaftlichen Modernisierung und der Entwicklung des Wohlfahrtsstaates zunehmend aufgel?st. Die neuere empirische Forschung weist jedoch nach, dass diese Beziehung überwiegend nach wie vor eng ist und dass darin auch betr?chtliche Versorgungsleistungen erbracht werden. Wir vertiefen diesen Nachweis auf einem bisher vernachl?ssigten Gebiet, n?mlich den materiellen Transfers zwischen den Generationen, und verbinden diese familialen Austauschprozesse mit dem wohlfahrtsstaatlichen „Generationenvertrag“. Es zeigt sich, dass die familialen Transferleistungen — sowohl zu Lebzeiten als auch über Erbschaften — erheblich sind und dass auch die Transfers zu Lebzeiten haupts?chlich von den ?lteren zu den jüngeren Generationen gehen. Die Familie als Solidarsystem wird also durch den Wohlfahrtsstaat nicht geschw?cht, sondern im Gegenteil zu neuen Leistungen bef?higt.

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Summary Giving and Getting: The elderly between the generations Everyday popular convictions and social science theories have long agreed that the link between adult generations in the family has disintegrated due to societal modernization and the development of the welfare state. Recent empirical research has, however, shown that the ties between generations are in most cases still strong and that mutual support of considerable value is very common. In this paper we add further evidence by focusing on an area which has largely been neglected so far — material transfers between generations — and relate this exchange within the family to the “generational contract” of the welfare state. We show that private intergenerational transfers — both inter vivos and through inheritance — are substantial and that they usually flow downwards, from the older to the younger generations. We conclude that the family as a system of solidarity is not weakened but to the contrary reinforced by the welfare state.

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增长促进创新还是创新促进增长?一个德国"市场秩序"和发展经济学的观点     

Harald Kunz 《科研管理》2004,25(Z1):112-119

目前市场既是一个自发状态又是一个不断发现的过程,处于市场中的公司为了更好的生存开始不断的进行研发活动.本文通过对技术进步(创新)的三个假设的事实验证表明,不断增长的需求是导致技术不断进步的关键因素.最后本文还讨论了研究状态的类型及技术政策与市场相适应等相关问题.  相似文献   

Poverty alleviation and integrated service delivery: Literacy,early child development and health     

Bjorn Harald Nordtveit 《International Journal of Educational Development》2008

This paper argues that many internationally financed literacy programs do not sufficiently take into consideration important daily life issues of the learners, including nutritional deficiencies that may hinder learning, or of children–parent–society interactions that may improve learning. As a result, many programs have become synonymous with increased supply of a low-quality education. Often, these programs address almost exclusively Education for All (EFA) international policy targets, without sufficiently addressing other poverty alleviation targets, as defined by the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). This paper further contends that approaches that would generate the greatest effects within an EFA-perspective may not be the best way to alleviate poverty within a MDGs-perspective. Based on a case study of a women's literacy program in Senegal, this paper proposes to look at needs within an MDG perspective, and to use multi-pronged and integrated approaches to intervene in sectors where the poverty alleviation impact is the greatest.  相似文献   

Human capital heterogeneity, collaborative relationships, and publication patterns in a multidisciplinary scientific alliance: a comparative case study of two scientific teams     

Joseph F Porac  Harald M Fischer  Joyce Brown  Geoffrey Bowker 《Research Policy》2004,33(4):661-678

In this paper, we compare the publication outcomes of two teams within a multi-university scientific alliance. Scientists in one team share similar scholarly backgrounds and work in a well established paradigm, while scientists in the second team have different backgrounds and work in an emergent discipline. While the alliance has increased the productivity of both teams, this increase was highest for the more heterogeneous team. In addition, while the variety of knowledge concepts employed in their research was initially higher for the heterogeneous team, this gap narrowed over time. We discuss the implications of our research for alliance design.  相似文献   

Entrepreneurial orientation in turbulent environments: The moderating role of absorptive capacity     

Andreas Engelen  Harald Kube  Susanne Schmidt  Tessa Christina Flatten 《Research Policy》2014

The literature on entrepreneurial orientation (EO) has confirmed the positive relationship between EO and firm performance and that relationship's dependence on several contingencies. The present study connects the resource-based view and its dynamic capability extension to introduce absorptive capacity (ACAP) as a moderator of the relationship between EO and firm performance. This theoretically derived research model is empirically validated using survey data from 219 small and medium-sized enterprises in Germany. Our empirical findings are that ACAP strengthens the EO–performance relationship in turbulent markets.  相似文献   

The research and evaluation of serious games: Toward a comprehensive methodology     

Igor Mayer  Geertje Bekebrede  Casper Harteveld  Harald Warmelink  Qiqi Zhou  Theo van Ruijven  Julia Lo  Rens Kortmann  Ivo Wenzler 《British journal of educational technology : journal of the Council for Educational Technology》2014,45(3):502-527

The authors present the methodological background to and underlying research design of an ongoing research project on the scientific evaluation of serious games and/or computer‐based simulation games (SGs) for advanced learning. The main research questions are: (1) what are the requirements and design principles for a comprehensive social scientific methodology for the evaluation of SGs?; (2) to what extent do SGs contribute to advanced learning?; (3) what factors contribute to or determine this learning?; and (4) to what extent and under what conditions can SG‐based learning be transferred to the real world? In the Netherlands between 2005 and 2012, several hundred SG sessions with 12 SGs were evaluated systematically, uniformly and quantitatively to create a dataset, which comprises data on 2488 respondents in higher education or work organizations. The authors present the research model, the quasi‐experimental design and the evaluation instruments. This focus in this paper is on the methodology and dataset, which form a sound foundation for forthcoming publications on the empirical results.  相似文献   

Different durations within the method of best practice affect the parameters of the speed–duration relationship     

Christoph Triska  Bettina Karsten  Chris Beedie  Bernhard Koller-Zeisler  Alfred Nimmerichter  Harald Tschan 《European Journal of Sport Science》2018,18(3):332-340

The aim of the study was to determine whether estimates of the speed–duration relationship are affected using different time-trial (TT) field-based testing protocols, where exhaustive times were located within the generally recommended durations of 2–15?min. Ten triathletes (mean?±?SD age: 31.0?±?5.7?years; height: 1.81?±?0.05?m; body mass: 76.5?±?6.8?kg) performed two randomly assigned field tests to determine critical speed (CS) and the total distance covered above CS (D?). CS and D? were obtained using two different protocols comprising three TT that were interspersed by 60?min passive rest. The TTs were 12, 7, and 3?min in Protocol I and 10, 5, and 2?min in Protocol II. A linear relationship of speed vs. the inverse of time (s?=?D??×?1/t?+?CS) was used to determine parameter estimates. Significant differences were found for CS (p?=?0.026), but not for D? (p?=?0.123). The effect size for CS (d?=?0.305) was considered small, while that for D? was considered moderate (d?=?0.742). CS was significantly correlated between protocols (r?=?0.934; p?D? (r?=?0.053; p?=?0.884). The 95% limits of agreement were ±0.28m?s^?1 and ±73.9?m for CS and D?, respectively. These findings demonstrate that the choice of exhaustive times within commonly accepted durations results in different estimates of CS and D?, and thus protocols cannot be used interchangeably. The use of a consistent protocol is therefore recommended, when investigating or monitoring the speed–duration relationship estimates in well-trained athletes.  相似文献