Approaches to the study of traditional behaviors of free-living animals     

Galef BG 《Learning & behavior》2004,32(1):53-61

I review literature on four different approaches to the study of traditions in animals: observation of free-living animals, laboratory experiment, armchair analysis, and field experiment. Because, by definition, a tradition entails social learning of some kind, it is difficult, perhaps impossible, to establish that a behavior is in fact traditional without knowledge of how it develops. Observations of free-living animals often provide strong circumstantial evidence of a tradition. However, even in the view of several researchers who have studied possibly traditional behaviors in natural populations, observation alone has not proven sufficient to show that social learning contributes to development of behaviors of interest. The relevance of laboratory experiments to the understanding of the development of behaviors in free-living animals is always open to challenge. Armchair analyses of field data can produce interesting hypotheses but cannot test them. Field experiments to determine how behaviors of interest develop in population members provide a promising way forward.  相似文献   

Physician assistants as members of social service child protection units.     

J Gray  G E Fryer 《Child abuse & neglect》1991,15(4):415-421

A nationwide survey of county departments of social services revealed a need for medical services and consultation to child protection units. Over 92% of the 84 counties surveyed stated they had a problem meeting their medical needs and would be willing to hire a physician assistant as medical consultant to their county's child protection team. No county refused to consider a physician assistant, but 7% felt their medical requirements were being met. Needs the counties most commonly identified were providing parent education/anticipatory guidance (69%), interviewing (65.5%), interpreting medical information to a multidisciplinary child protection team (58.3%), review of medical records (45.8%), and physical examinations (42.9%). Over 17% of the counties had money to fund a full-time physician assistant, and over 60% of the counties could provide a partial salary, with 70.5% willing to share a salary with adjacent counties and 76.9% with the county's public health department.  相似文献   

A Measure of Relative Dispersion     

Joseph G Eisenhauer 《Teaching Statistics》1993,15(2):37-39

This paper suggests a measure of dispersion which is invariant with respect to linear transformations and distinguishes between large and small spreads.  相似文献   

Small medical libraries can help also     

G H Hunter 《Bulletin of the Medical Library Association》1971,59(2):262-265

The Regional Medical Library program of the Dana Medical Library (Burlington, Vermont) is described. Practical problems of a regional program are discussed. A plea is made for providing regional service, however little or much, without waiting for surveys and large grants.  相似文献   

Book reviews     

Gordon Sutherland  Helmut Schelsky  Kalman H. Silvert  Donald G. MacRae  A. Hunter Dupree 《Minerva》1971,9(1):141-158

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A Brief History of the Library of the Physicians to the German Hospital and Dispensary of the City of New York     

Hermann G. Klotz 《Journal of the Medical Library Association》1904,2(1):42-46

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Geography and Medicine     

M. G. Seelig 《Journal of the Medical Library Association》1908,1(1):9-18

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Product review summarization through question retrieval and diversification     

Mengwen?Liu  Yi?FangEmail author  Alexander?G.?Choulos  Dae?Hoon?Park  Xiaohua?Hu 《Information Retrieval》2017,20(6):575-605

Product reviews have become an important resource for customers before they make purchase decisions. However, the abundance of reviews makes it difficult for customers to digest them and make informed choices. In our study, we aim to help customers who want to quickly capture the main idea of a lengthy product review before they read the details. In contrast with existing work on review analysis and document summarization, we aim to retrieve a set of real-world user questions to summarize a review. In this way, users would know what questions a given review can address and they may further read the review only if they have similar questions about the product. Specifically, we design a two-stage approach which consists of question selection and question diversification. For question selection phase, we first employ probabilistic retrieval models to locate candidate questions that are relevant to a given review. A Recurrent Neural Network Encoder–Decoder is utilized to measure the “answerability” of questions to a review. We then design a set function to re-rank the questions with the goal of rewarding diversity in the final question set. The set function satisfies submodularity and monotonicity, which results in an efficient greedy algorithm of submodular optimization. Evaluation on product reviews from two categories shows that the proposed approach is effective for discovering meaningful questions that are representative of individual reviews.  相似文献   

准备好应用网络教育的明日教师（上）   总被引：8，自引：0，他引：8  

Robert T.Plants  丁兴富 《开放教育研究》2003,(1):8-11

全球网（www.World Wide Wde)对教育系统的潜在冲击几乎是无限的。然而，如果我们的教师不具备适当的应用网络的知识和技能，实现的冲击会比可能的要小。证据表明，我们的教师需要培训，以便能够有效利用强大的在线资源，培养我们的孩子在数字社会中自我发展的能力。本文的目的在于探讨基于网络的教学对教师教育计划的冲击。  相似文献   

Verbal factors in compensation performance and the relation between conservation and compensation     

G Y Larsen  J H Flavell 《Child development》1970,41(4):965-977

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