Farmers’ reasons for changing or not changing to more sustainable practices: An exploratory study of arable farming in the Netherlands     

A.J. de Buck  I. van Rijn  N.G. Roling  G.A.A. Wossink 《The Journal of Agricultural Education and Extension》2013,19(3):153-166

Abstract

The paper describes the results of an exploratory study of farmers’ reasons for changing or not changing to more sustainable production methods in arable farming in the Netherlands. The background of the research is the disappointing adoption of Integrated Arable Farming Systems (iafs). Perceived production risk was expected to be an important factor constraining adoption. This study suggests, however, that perceived risk is not a satisfactory explanation. One reason is that iafs as it has become in Dutch practice cannot be easily distinguished from conventional arable farming systems. A continuum of gradual adoption of iafs methods, mainly for economic reasons, was observed. A real watershed difference was observed between partial adopters of iafs and organic farmers who used no chemicals at all. Secondly, dealing with production risks, such as weather‐dependent problems with weeds, pests and diseases, is considered part of professionalism of both conventional and iafs farmers and hence not a reason for avoiding a specific crop husbandry technique. However, uncertainties emanating from market conditions and environmental policy were found to be important considerations. JAgr Educ Ext (2001, 7, 3, pp 153–166)  相似文献   

Emergent relations in pigeons following training with temporal samples     

Edson M. Huziwara  Saulo M. Velasco  Gerson Y. Tomanari  Deisy G. de Souza  Armando D. Machado 《Learning & behavior》2013,41(2):192-204

In two experiments, we investigated emergent conditional relations in pigeons using a symbolic matching-to-sample task with temporal stimuli as the samples and hues as the comparisons. Both experiments comprised three phases. In Phase I, pigeons learned to choose a red keylight (R) but not a green keylight (G) after a 1-s signal. They also learned to choose G but not R after a 4-s signal. In Phase II, correct responding consisted of choosing a blue keylight (B) after a 4-s signal and a yellow keylight (Y) after a 16-s signal. Comparisons G and B were both related to the same 4-s sample, whereas comparisons R and Y had no common sample. In Phase III, R and G were presented as samples, and B and Y were presented as the comparisons. The choice of B was correct following G, and the choice of Y was correct following R. If a relation between comparisons that shared a common sample were to emerge, then responding to B given G would be more likely than responding to Y given R. The results were generally consistent with this prediction, suggesting, for the first time in pigeons, the emergence of novel relations that involve temporal stimuli as nodal samples.  相似文献   

El aprendizaje de las matemáticas elementales como proceso condicionado por la cultura     

Carlos Vasco 《Cultura y Educación》2013,25(6):5-26

En «El aprendizaje de las matemáticas elementales como proceso condicionado por la cultura», Carlos Vasco examina el «mito» de que las matemáticas son un «lenguaje universal de la ciencia» y, por tanto, una materia supracultural. En sus análisis de casos de niños colombianos, llega a la conclusión de que las matemáticas pueden depender tanto de la cultura como el aprendizaje de la literatura o la historia. Según Vasco, la mayoría de los enseñantes cree que los niños no saben nada de matemáticas cuando entran en la escuela; por tanto, la enseñanza de la «matemática moderna» sólo puede llegar a un pequeño porcentaje de los niños. Vasco aduce que sólo los estudiantes que pueden construir sus propios «sistemas conceptuales a pesar de sus maestros» y desentrañar por su cuenta la maraña de sistemas simbólicos serán inmunes a la «fobia a las matemáticas».  相似文献   

Medios de comunicación telemática y educación     

Mar de Fontcuberta 《Cultura y Educación》2013,25(14):17-28

A partir de un análisis general de las relaciones entre los medios de comunicación y la escuela y del papel de los primeros en esta última, la autora presenta algunas alternativas y experiencias como el periódico electrónico o el teledebate. La aparición de nuevos y avanzados medios de comunicación en todo el mundo (como el periódico escolar electrónico), fruto de esta colaboración entre docentes y profesionales de la comunicación, ambos especialmente inquietos en sus profesiones, no sólo ayuda a cubrir el divorcio actualmente entre el contenido de la escuela y el contenido de la vida, sino que abre una de las más prometedoras y sugerentes vías de renovación, no sólo de la educación escolar, sino de la propia cultura de masas.  相似文献   

Our teachers want to be the best: on the necessity of intra‐professional reflection about moral ideals of teaching     

Doret J. de Ruyter  J. Jos Kole 《Teachers and Teaching》2013,19(2):207-218

Teaching is a significant social good and therefore teachers as well as the state have to take responsibility for guarding the moral quality of the teaching practice. Based on this premise, the article describes and defends the view that these parties have their own particular role by means of literature review and theoretical and practical arguments.

The role of the state is necessarily limited to defining minimal moral rules and obligations, because in liberal Western democracies morality is codified in law to a minimal degree. The state also has practical reasons for such a confined position, among which are the complexities of professional practice and its implied tacit knowledge.

Teachers have to take responsibility for constructing the full width of professional morality, but particularly for defining its optimal or aspirational dimension. This dimension comprises the virtues deemed important for teachers as well as their professional ideals. Whereas the literature on professional ethics of teachers is relatively silent about professional ideals, several arguments are provided for the importance of ideals for teachers.

The final part of the article defends the claim that teachers have to articulate their professional ideals through intra‐professional dialogue. Again, theoretical and practical arguments are provided, for instance that such a debate provokes teachers to think about the best aims and means of their profession and that it contributes to the sense and meaning of their work. The article ends with some practical implications of the theoretical exposé.  相似文献   

How Exactly Does Place Matter in Crime Analysis? Place,Space, and Spatial Heterogeneity     

Carlos J. Vilalta 《Journal of Criminal Justice Education》2013,24(3):290-315

This article has four aims. First is to clarify the origins and different meanings of place, space, and other basic concepts in spatial analysis. The second aim is to reiterate the illogicality of the spatial homogeneity assumption in ordinary least squares (OLS) regression. An illustration of the comparison between traditional OLS and geographically weighted regression modeling is included for this purpose. The third aim is to explain that place matters in crime analysis not only when crime data are spatially clustered, but when relationships between correlates are found to be conditional upon place. The final aim is to convince criminology and criminal justice faculty to begin discussing the inclusion of spatial modeling as a compulsory topic in the curriculum.  相似文献   

Testing Inequality Constrained Hypotheses in SEM Models     

Rens van de Schoot  Herbert Hoijtink  Maja Deković 《Structural equation modeling》2013,20(3):443-463

Researchers often have expectations that can be expressed in the form of inequality constraints among the parameters of a structural equation model. It is currently not possible to test these so-called informative hypotheses in structural equation modeling software. We offer a solution to this problem using Mplus. The hypotheses are evaluated using plug-in p values with a calibrated alpha level. The method is introduced and its utility is illustrated by means of an example.  相似文献   

Factor Analysis with Ordinal Indicators: A Monte Carlo Study Comparing DWLS and ULS Estimation     

Carlos G. Forero  Alberto Maydeu-Olivares  David Gallardo-Pujol 《Structural equation modeling》2013,20(4):625-641

Factor analysis models with ordinal indicators are often estimated using a 3-stage procedure where the last stage involves obtaining parameter estimates by least squares from the sample polychoric correlations. A simulation study involving 324 conditions (1,000 replications per condition) was performed to compare the performance of diagonally weighted least squares (DWLS) and unweighted least squares (ULS) in the procedure's third stage. Overall, both methods provided accurate and similar results. However, ULS was found to provide more accurate and less variable parameter estimates, as well as more precise standard errors and better coverage rates. Nevertheless, convergence rates for DWLS are higher. Our recommendation is therefore to use ULS, and, in the case of nonconvergence, to use DWLS, as this method might converge when ULS does not.  相似文献   

Orthographic Learning During Oral and Silent Reading     

Peter F. de Jong  David L. Share 《Scientific Studies of Reading》2013,17(1):55-71

This study examined orthographic learning in oral and silent reading conditions. Dutch third graders read, either aloud or silently, short texts containing novel target (pseudo) words. The acquisition of new word-specific orthographic knowledge was assessed several days later by comparing target spellings with homophonic spellings in tasks requiring orthographic choice, spelling, and naming. It was predicted that orthographic learning would be evident in both oral and silent conditions but stronger in the oral condition. As expected, orthographic learning was evident in both oral and silent conditions. This finding suggests that support for the self-teaching hypothesis of orthographic learning obtained in studies of unassisted oral reading can be generalized to the more common form of independent reading: silent reading. In addition, the results on the naming task provided some evidence for stronger orthographic learning during oral reading, but the two spelling tasks did not.  相似文献   

Pre‐service teachers and the re‐inscription of whiteness: Disrupting dominant cultural codes through textual analysis     

Elizabeth de Freitas 《Teaching Education》2013,24(2):151-164

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