Adequate Policies and Unintended Effects in Spanish Higher Education   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

Moral  José-Ginées  Vidal  Javier 《Tertiary Education and Management》2000,6(4):247-258

Recent developments in Spanish higher education have been very positive.Universities have become autonomous and are more in tune to regionalneeds, their internal structure has become flexible, the whole systemhas become open and accessible, funds have been poured into the system as never before and market forces have started to play a relevant role.Nevertheless, some perverse effects have begun to emerge. We will focus on some of these negative aspects that deserve deeper consideration: the inadequate adaptation to a mass higher education system, and the negativeconsequences of the collegial model for governing universities and ofregionalization.  相似文献   

Home literacy environment and reading comprehension in Spanish primary education     

Fernando Guzmán-Simón  Javier Gil-Flores  Alejandra Pacheco-Costa 《Journal of Research in Reading》2020,43(2):229-247

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An Example of the Informative Potential of Polar Coordinate Analysis: Sprint Tactics in Elite 1,500-m Track Events     

Sonia Aragón  Javier Arana  M. Teresa Anguera  Belén Garzón 《Measurement in physical education and exercise science》2017,21(1):26-33

Polar coordinate analysis is a powerful data reduction technique based on the Zsum statistic, which is calculated from adjusted residuals obtained by lag sequential analysis. Its use has been greatly simplified since the addition of a module in the free software program HOISAN for performing the necessary computations and producing easy-to-interpret results in the form of polar coordinate maps. In this study, we provide a simple and practical example of how this technique can be used to analyze tactical behaviors in sport and physical exercise. We studied 158 performances by 82 male runners in thirteen 1,500-m finals held at the Olympic Games, the World Championships in Athletics, and the European Athletics Championships between 2000 and 2012 to investigate associations between the initiation of sprints by race winners and other runners (focal behaviors) and the lap and zone of the track in which the sprints were initiated (conditional behaviors). The significant prospective/retrospective activating/inhibitory relationships shown in the polar coordinate maps confirm the decision to start a sprint is a tactical one and are consistent with a winning strategy consisting of avoiding giving rivals the benefit of the slipstream while conserving sufficient energy for a final winning burst. Polar coordinate analysis is a powerful technique for studying tactical behaviors in the field of sport.  相似文献   

Physical fitness predicts the academic achievement over one-school year follow-up period in adolescents     

Francisco Javier Gil-Espinosa  Cristina Cadenas-Sanchez  Palma Chillón 《Journal of sports sciences》2019,37(4):452-457

The purposes of this study were to examine how fitness at the baseline could predict both academic achievement and academic achievement changes one school year in advance. A total of 194 adolescents (mean age: 14.15 ± 0.97 years old, 112 boys) who attended secondary school participated in our study. Cardiorespiratory fitness was measured with the 20 m endurance shuttle-run test. We also assessed the lower-limbs muscular strength with the standing long jump test and flexibility with the sit-and-reach test. The academic achievement was assessed by school grades. We performed linear regression analyses. Additionally, we examined the relationship between fitness and changes in the academic performance following the same statistical methodology. Cardiorespiratory fitness was positively associated with mathematics one school year in advance (p = 0.025). Cardiorespiratory fitness was also positively associated with changes in Spanish language (p = 0.005), mathematics (p = 0.023), and the grade point average (p = 0.006). Muscular strength was also positively associated with changes in Spanish language (p = 0.040) and mathematics (p = 0.010), while flexibility was associated with changes in Spanish language (p = 0.039) and the grade point average (0.027). Our results suggest that cardiorespiratory fitness was positively associated with academic achievement in adolescents.  相似文献   

Identifying profiles of children at risk of being less physically active: an exploratory study using a self-organised map approach for motor competence     

Isaac Estevan  Xavier García-Massó  Javier Molina García  Lisa M. Barnett 《Journal of sports sciences》2019,37(12):1356-1364

This study aims to develop profiles in children according to physical fitness, actual and perceived motor competence, and to examine the level of engagement in physical activity and weight status according to these profiles. In the study, 156 typically developing Spanish children (47.4% girls) of primary school age (5–11 years-old) participated voluntarily. Children’s perceived and actual motor competence, physical fitness, physical activity participation and weight status were assessed. A Self-Organising Map and K-means cluster analysis were used to classify and visualise the values. Four profiles were found: profile 2 was aligned – high capacity, high perception, profile 1 was partially aligned – medium capacity and perception, profile 3 and 4 were both non-aligned – low capacity, medium perception and medium capacity, low perception; respectively. Children in profile 2 were more active than children in profile 3 and 4 (P < .05). In profile 2 there was a lower frequency of overweight/obese children than normal-weight children. On the contrary, in profiles 1, 3 and 4 a similar distribution of normal-weight and overweight/obese children was found. High capable children with high perception exhibited higher physical activity participation and were more likely to be of normal-weight compared to those with low capacity and/or perception.  相似文献   

Price-effectiveness: pharmacoeconomics,value and the right price for HPV vaccines     

Oscar Javier Maldonado Castañeda 《Journal of Cultural Economy》2017,10(2):163-177

ABSTRACT

Drawing on a pragmatist approach to pricing, this article discusses the impact of cost-effectiveness analysis (CEA) in the pricing strategies of pharmaceutical companies. Through an analysis of the human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination, this article illustrates the strategic appropriation of evidence-based medicine (narratives and practices) that pharmaceutical companies have undertaken to enhance the value of their products. While governments are concentrated on the measurement of costs and efficiency (cost-effectiveness), companies attempt to find the threshold of effectiveness that supports their estimation of value. I have called such mode of calculation, price-effectiveness. Pharmaceutical companies engage in different ways with CEA in devising their own price strategies. First, CEA is used as an instrument to raise HPV vaccines as a matter of interest for health authorities. Second, companies produce models to maximise the effectiveness of their products. Third, the expense side of CEA has opened an opportunity to represent some conditions as diseases in order to increase the potential value of the vaccine, expressed in a higher price. Debates and practices of pricing offer a unique opportunity to trace how particular forms of quantification have become the common ground in the demonstration of value in healthcare and the adaptation of companies.  相似文献   

Validity of a single lactate measure to predict fixed lactate thresholds in athletes     

Ibai Garcia-Tabar  Iñaki Llodio  Luis Sánchez-Medina  Xabier Asiain  Javier Ibáñez 《Journal of sports sciences》2017,35(4):385-392

This study aimed to validate the use of a single blood lactate concentration measure taken following a 12 km h^?1 running stage (BLC₁₂) to predict and monitor fixed blood lactate concentration (FBLC) thresholds. Three complementary studies were undertaken. Study I: the relationships between BLC₁₂ and the running speeds at FBLC of 3 mmol L^?1 (S3mM) and 4 mmol L^?1 (S4mM) measured during a multistage running field test were examined in 136 elite athletes. Study II: data from 30 athletes tested one year apart were used to test the predictive capacity of the equations obtained in Study I. Study III: 80 athletes were tested before and after an intensified training period to examine whether training-induced changes in FBLC thresholds could be predicted and monitored by BLC₁₂. Study I: BLC₁₂ was significantly (P < 0.001) and inversely related to S3mM (R² = 0.89) and S4mM (R² = 0.95). Study II: prediction models yielded robust correlations between the estimated and measured FBLC thresholds (r = 0.94–0.99; P < 0.001). Study III: estimated changes predicted actual training-induced changes in FBLC thresholds (r = 0.81–0.91; P < 0.001). This study gives empirical support to use a single lactate measure during a sub-maximal running field test as a simple, low-cost and practical alternative to FBLC thresholds in athletes.  相似文献   

Water for the City,Fountains for the People: Monumental Fountains in the Roman East     

Javier Martínez Jiménez 《Al-Masaq: Islam & the Medieval Mediterranean》2016,28(1):107-109

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Factors Influencing Scientific Achievements of Medical Students in the Anatomy Research Group: An Analysis From the Autonomous University of Nuevo León in Mexico     

Milton Alberto Muñoz-Leija  Francisco J. Barrera  Pablo Patricio Zárate-Garza  Alejandro Quiroga-Garza  Javier Humberto Martínez-Garza  David de la Fuente-Villarreal  Santos Guzmán-López  Rodrigo Enrique Elizondo-Omaña 《Anatomical sciences education》2022,15(2):369-375

Scientific research and student involvement are critical to the formation of physicians, yet the number of medical researchers has decreased over time. To implement corrective strategies, the variables associated with positive research attitudes and productivity among medical students must be identified. The aim of this study was to evaluate the variables associated with students interested or involved in research. A validated questionnaire was applied to the student members of an established anatomy research group in a Mexican medical school with a six-year medical program. Data were collected and analyzed. A total of 85.5% (n = 77/90) students answered the survey with most respondents being second-year medical students. The majority of respondents indicated that the important component of conducting research was a contribution to the new knowledge (45.5%) and to the scientific community (42.9%). More than half of respondents mentioned a professor or a peer as the initial motivation to become involved in research. Lack of time was the main limitation (59.7%) to research involvement. Perceived benefits were knowledge and team work skills. Of those involved, most (85.7%) wished to continue participating in research as a complement to their clinical work. Professors and student colleagues were found to play an important motivational and recruitment role for medical research. These efforts in turn have developed into long-lasting mentor-mentee relationships. Students also anticipated that early involvement in research will positively influence the likelihood of future physicians' contribution and collaboration in research.  相似文献   

Building personalised homework from a learning analytics based formative assessment: Effect on fifth-grade students' understanding of fractions     

José Antonio Rodríguez-Martínez  José Antonio González-Calero  Javier del Olmo-Muñoz  David Arnau  Sergio Tirado-Olivares 《British journal of educational technology : journal of the Council for Educational Technology》2023,54(1):76-97

This study analyses the potential of a learning analytics (LA) based formative assessment to construct personalised teaching sequences in Mathematics for 5th-grade primary school students. A total of 127 students from Spanish public schools participated in the study. The quasi-experimental study was conducted over the course of six sessions, in which both control and experimental groups participated in a teaching sequence based on mathematical problems. In each session, both groups used audience response systems to record their responses to mathematical tasks about fractions. After each session, students from the control group were given generic homework on fractions—the same activities for all the participants—while students from the experimental group were given a personalised set of activities. The provision of personalised homework was based on the students' errors detected from the use of the LA-based formative assessment. After the intervention, the results indicate a higher student level of understanding of the concept of fractions in the experimental group compared to the control group. Related to motivational dimensions, results indicated that instruction using audience response systems has a positive effect compared to regular mathematics classes.

Practitioner notes

What is already known about this topic

• Developing an understanding of fractions is one of the most challenging concepts in elementary mathematics and a solid predictor of future achievements in mathematics.
• Learning analytics (LA) has the potential to provide quality, functional data for assessing and supporting learners' difficulties.
• Audience response systems (ARS) are one of the most practical ways to collect data for LA in classroom environments.
• There is a scarcity of field research implementations on LA mediated by ARS in real contexts of elementary school classrooms.

What this paper adds

• Empirical evidence about how LA-based formative assessments can enable personalised homework to support student understanding of fractions.
• Personalised homework based on an LA-based formative assessment improves the students' comprehension of fractions.
• Using ARS for the teaching of fractions has a positive effect in terms of student motivation.

Implications for practice and/or policy

• Teachers should be given LA/ARS tools that allow them to quickly provide students with personalised mathematical instruction.
• Researchers should continue exploring these potentially beneficial educational implementations in other areas.

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