Developmental links of very early phonological and language skills to second grade reading outcomes: strong to accuracy but only minor to fluency     

Puolakanaho A  Ahonen T  Aro M  Eklund K  Leppänen PH  Poikkeus AM  Tolvanen A  Torppa M  Lyytinen H 《Journal of learning disabilities》2008,41(4):353-370

The authors examined second grade reading accuracy and fluency and their associations via letter knowledge to phonological and language predictors assessed at 3.5, 4.5, and 5.5 years in children in the Jyv?skyl? Longitudinal Study of Dyslexia. Structural equation modeling showed that a developmentally highly stable factor (early phonological and language processing [EPLP]) behind key dyslexia predictors (i.e., phonological awareness, short-term memory, rapid naming, vocabulary, and pseudoword repetition) could already be identified at 3.5 years. EPLP was significantly associated with reading and spelling accuracy and by age with letter knowledge. However, EPLP had only a minor link with reading fluency, which was additionally explained by early letter knowledge. The results show that reading accuracy is well predicted by early phonological and language skills. Variation in fluent reading skills is not well explained by early skills, suggesting factors other than phonological core skills. Future research is suggested to explore the factors behind the development of fast and accurate decoding skills.  相似文献   

CD-ROM talking books: what do they promise?     

Jillian DeJean  Larry Miller  Jon Olson 《Education and Information Technologies》1997,2(2):121-130

This study describes one teacher's use of multimedia, specifically CD-ROM talking books, in the classroom. The goal of the investigation was to reveal and analyse how a primary (Grade 3) teacher integrated CD-ROM books into her curriculum. Issues emerging from the study included how features of the software interact with features of classrooms, how patterns of instruction are affected by the infusion of technology, and how students interact with the software, and each other, while reading the CD- ROM books  相似文献   

Calculating the power of alternative choices by school leaders for improving student achievement     

Jingping Sun  Kenneth Leithwood 《School Leadership & Management》2017,37(1-2):80-93

This paper addresses a wicked problem faced by leaders wanting to be evidence informed in their choices of school improvement priorities and the most productive leadership practices to enact in pursuing those priorities. While local contexts will always be central to these choices, results of research ought to provide useful points of departure. But determining what relevant evidence recommends, local context aside, is far more difficult that the admonition to be ‘evidence informed’ seems to imply and the research community has offered few systematic solutions to the problem. This paper offers one possible solution, the calculation of ‘Power Indices’ using, for the purposes of illustration, evidence about the effects of a selected set of potential school improvement priorities (teachers’ emotions) on student learning, in combination with evidence about the effects on teacher emotions of a selected set of transformational leadership practices. Results argue for the value of a unique line of future research enabling school leaders to make choices about both school improvement priorities and how they might best pursue those priorities that systematically reflect the results of relevant evidence.  相似文献   

Successive reversals of a discriminated preference for signaled tailshock     

Ralph R. Miller  David Daniel  Alvin M. Berk 《Learning & behavior》1974,2(4):271-274

Three rats received unmodifiable tailshock at random intervals in a shuttlebox. In a continuous-choice situation, Ss could choose between an auditory signal immediately preceding or immediately following the tailshock. Over repeated daily 3-h sessions, each S acquired a spatial discrimination indicating a strong preference for the signal preceding tailshock. This preference continued undiminished through two successive reversals of the position associated with signaled shock. This demonstration precludes explanations of the preference-for-signaled-shock phenomenon based upon primary reinforcement value or acquired value of the signal, position preferences, and overt modification of the aversiveness of the reinforcer through such means as postural adjustments. An explanation of recent failures to obtain the preference-for-signaled-shock effect is offered.  相似文献   

Journalism training in Sri Lanka: meeting the needs of working journalists     

Sam Miller 《Changing English: An International Journal of English Teaching》2006,13(2):173-178

The ethnic conflict that has enveloped Sri Lanka since the 1980s has been deeply damaging to Sri Lankan journalism, whose traditions of impartiality and professionalism have been seriously undermined. The BBC World Service Trust has attempted to address these issues through a European‐funded training programme aimed at a broad range of media practitioners in Sri Lanka. This article seeks to assess how successful this programme has been and what lessons can be drawn by training organisations elsewhere who are seeking to implement similar projects.  相似文献   

Presentation technology     

Kenneth E. Colwell 《TechTrends》2004,48(3):35-39

It goes without saying that the expression “garbage in, garbage out” still applies. Poorly designed instruction cannot be saved by a flashy, high-tech presentation. Flashy garbage is still garbage. But a high-tech presentation can be a very useful tool for instructors and trainers to employ if the instructional material is well designed, and learning objectives require it. If a quality presentation has been developed, it is apparent that students find the use of the graphics tablet to enhance presentations a useful instructional technique. I found myself, as the instructor, to be more in touch with the presentation when I used electronic mark-up of presentation materials. The lectures felt more integrated. I could interact with the presentation more easily and effectively. I’m reminded of what I teach in my public speaking class about visual aids — use them as an aid to, but not a replacement for, well-prepared material — but use them. They can help clarify content, maintain interest and increase retention. Enhanced presentations can do that even more effectively.  相似文献   

Attitudes of Business Faculty Towards Two Methods of Collecting Teaching Evaluations: Paper vs. Online     

Curt J. Dommeyer  Paul Baum  Kenneth S. Chapman  Robert W. Hanna 《Assessment & Evaluation in Higher Education》2002,27(5):455-462

Business professors were surveyed to determine their attitudes towards two methods of collecting students' teaching evaluations of faculty--the traditional paper-and-pencil method conducted in class and the online method conducted via the Internet. Faculty preferred the traditional paper method, mainly because they believed it would produce a higher and more accurate response than the online method. Faculty characteristics were examined to determine whether they were related to attitudes towards the online method of collecting teaching evaluations. No characteristics were found to be significantly associated with attitudes towards the online method. Suggestions for future researchers are offered.  相似文献   

Designing informal learning experiences for early career academics using a knowledge ecosystem model     

Faye Miller  Helen Partridge  Christine Bruce  Brian Hemmings 《Journal of Further & Higher Education》2017,41(5):692-705

This article presents a ‘knowledge ecosystem’ model of how early career academics experience using information to learn while building their social networks for developmental purposes. Developed using grounded theory methodology, the model offers a way of conceptualising how to empower early career academics through (1) agency (individual and relational) and (2) facilitation of personalised informal learning (design of physical and virtual systems and environments) in spaces where developmental relationships are formed, including programmes, courses, events, community, home and social media. It is suggested that the knowledge ecosystem model is suitable for use in designing informal learning experiences for early career academics.  相似文献   

Fear-motivated vicious-circle behavior maintained through secondary punishment     

Kenneth B. Melvin  Thomas K. Irving  Steven Prentice-Dunn 《Learning & behavior》1979,7(2):185-190

Two experiments attempted to establish vicious-circle behavior through fear motivation combined with secondary punishment. In Experiment 1, rats were trained with two CSs, a tone and a buzzer, paired with shock in different contexts. Secondary punishment based on delay and trace conditioning procedures facilitated running in fear-motivated rats, relative to four control groups. In Experiment 2, rats were given pairings of a tone CS with shock, and a buzzer CS with a drop into a water tank. Fear-motivated rats which received secondary punishment during either 33% or 100% of test trials exhibited self-punitive running relative to a nonpunished (0%) group and a backward-conditioning control group. Results indicate that “all secondary” vicious-circle behavior can be established through Pavlovian conditioning, thus supporting a conditioned fear interpretation.  相似文献   

The role of cognitive factors in chemistry achievement     

Sarath Chandran  David F. Treagust  Kenneth Tobin 《科学教学研究杂志》1987,24(2):145-160

Evidence from the research literature suggests that a variety of cognitive factors is responsible for chemistry achievement. This investigation examined the role of four cognitive factors, namely, formal reasoning ability, prior knowledge, field dependence/ independence, and memory capacity on achievement in chemistry as measured by tests of laboratory application, chemical calculations and content knowledge. The sample comprised grade 11 students from eleven high schools who were following the same chemistry syllabus. The results indicated that prior knowledge and formal reasoning ability were each statistically significantly related to variation in chemistry achievement. Field dependence/independence and memory capacity played no significant role in chemistry achievement.  相似文献