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51.
In multiple fixed interval (FI) schedules, rats are trained to discriminate different FIs that are signaled by different stimuli. After extensive training, the different stimuli often acquire control over performance, observed by an earlier increase in responding for stimuli that signal shorter FIs, as compared with stimuli that signal longer FIs. The order in which the different FIs are trained, either intermixed across cycles or in blocks of several cycles, may seem irrelevant given that average performance at asymptote may be similar. In this study, rats were trained in two procedures with multiple FIs presented intermixed within sessions or in blocks of one interval per session. Similar performance was observed at asymptote, but an inspection of early cycles in each session revealed that different stimuli acquired control over performance only when trained intermixed within each session. Although the stimuli reliably signaled the upcoming FI, when trained in successive blocks of 60 cycles, rats rapidly adjusted performance early in the sessions on the basis of the temporal aspects of the task, and not on the basis of the stimulus presented in the current cycle. These results are discussed in terms of overshadowing of the stimuli by temporal cues and in terms of conditions under which a stimulus acquires control over performance. 相似文献
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Xavier Rambla Yuri Kazepov Judith Jacovkis Lukas Alexander Marcelo Parreira Do Amaral 《International Journal of Lifelong Education》2020,39(1):48-60
ABSTRACT This article explores the interface between lifelong learning policies and the definition of social vulnerability of young adults in two regions located within the European Union. Girona comprises a constellation of small towns with important industry, service and hospitality sectors. Vienna is a global city where many key international operators are based and employ a large number of highly qualified professionals. The article explores to what extent the meta-governance and the ‘causal narratives’ of lifelong learning policies contribute towards shaping the prevailing images of youth vulnerability in these regions. In Girona, bureaucratic governance patterns lifelong learning policies, which strongly rely on the potential of career guidance to encourage the youth to undertake further education. Correspondingly, policy designs and professional discourses emphasise that the beneficiaries previously failed at school. In Vienna, authorities govern lifelong learning by means of both bureaucracy and complex networks of employers and non-profit organisations. The ‘causal narrative’ of the policies straightforwardly claims that all youth must have an experience with employment, whether in apprenticeships or in transitional workshops that emulate real jobs. There, policies portray beneficiaries according to their capacity to undertake and finish apprenticeships. 相似文献
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Luiz Marcelo de Carvalho Jorge Megid Neto Clarice Sumi Kawasaki Dalva Maria Bianchini Bonotto Ivan Amorosino do Amaral José Artur Barroso Fernandes 《Environmental Education Research》2018,24(10):1447-1463
AbstractThis article discusses an analysis of abstracts of Brazilian theses and dissertations on environmental education from a database organised and maintained by a group of researchers in the EArt Project (www.earte.net). In presenting extracts of key trends in this dataset, our aim is to provide a snapshot of the many possible approaches to, and histories of, Brazilian environmental education research. The data also allow us to raise some questions that explore possible ‘blank spots’, ‘blind spots’ and ‘bald spots’ in Brazilian research on environmental education. Given the temporal development of the research field since the 1980s, we illustrate these ‘spots’ by exploring data related to epistemological and methodological diversity, from the viewpoint of knowledge areas as well as the graduate programmes that have been developing research on environmental education. Finally, we draw a picture of the methodological trends that have been privileged by Brazilian researchers, and pose questions as to what is needed in shaping an agenda for research on environmental education in Brazil into the future. 相似文献
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Marcelo C. Borba Aparecida Santana de Souza Chiari Helber Rangel Formiga Leite de Almeida 《Educational Studies in Mathematics》2018,98(3):269-286
For the last 10 years, online pre-service teacher distance education has increased significantly in Brazil. As a result, research on this educational modality has also increased, in particular, research investigating the different roles students and teachers play in these courses. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the role of digital technologies in two specific contexts: how teachers, tutors, and students play a role in producing interactive digital didactic material and how digital technologies themselves can play a role in teaching distance learning courses. But for these roles to emerge, we point to the need for participants of online courses to interact collaboratively. To identify these roles, grounded theory, a branch of qualitative research, was used as the two roles were articulated. Data were produced from virtual observations in virtual learning environments and virtual interviews. The results stress that both highlighted roles are related. They transform teacher and student roles and participation in the virtual classroom, and an “agency of media” emerges in online mathematics education. 相似文献
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Marcelo de Maio Nascimento 《Educational gerontology》2020,46(9):499-511
ABSTRACT Covid-19 is a global public health crisis, which in addition to making victims is changing the living habits of the population. The objective of this study was to investigate the impacts of social isolation on the physical and mental health of older adults and to learn how they are informing themselves about the pandemic. It is a qualitative study with a phenomenological basis, composed by telephone interviews with 35 older adults (70,5 ± 4,7 years) of both genders, members of a Brazilian University of Third Age, during the period of the pandemic. The testimonies revealed a considerable degree of concern about the possibility of being infected by the virus, increased anxiety due to tragic news, the growing number of deaths, the collapse of the Brazilian economy and the rising unemployment rate. The group reported sleep disorders, joint pain, loss of appetite, weight loss, and reduced functional capacity. Everyone felt sufficiently informed about Covid-19. The main means of gaining information about the pandemic was radio, followed by TV, dialogue with family and friends, and WhatsApp. Only 30% of the participants used WhatsApp, praised because of its multiple functions and the ability to re-read the news. 相似文献
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José Osvaldo De Sordi Wanderlei Lima de Paulo Carlos Francisco Bitencourt Jorge Daniel Barile da Silveira Jefferson Aparecido Dias Marcelo Souto de Lima 《Government Information Quarterly》2021,38(3):101592
Post-scandal effects in public management point to the occurrence of overcompliance in the work of public managers, leading to reluctance and paralysis in decision-making. This article discusses the proposition of an artifact in the form of a warning system to aid the analysis process and issuing of opinions (APIO) by public managers, providing more information and, consequently, less risk and fear. The Design Science Research method was used to exapt a scientific artifact to the context of public management. The textual structure of 178 opinions issued by public agencies was analyzed, as was the perception of 17 public managers of the characteristics of the APIO. Exaptating the artifact from a technological perspective is simple and feasible, as it involves processes with strong functional similarities. The greatest challenges to operationalize the artifact broadly and without restrictions, as occurs in scientific academia, are associated with informational behaviors. 相似文献
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Rocha CS Lanferdini FJ Kolberg C Silva MF Vaz MA Partata WA Zaro MA 《Journal of sports sciences》2012,30(8):733-742
This study was undertaken to examine the acute effect of interferential current on mechanical pain threshold and isometric peak torque after delayed onset muscle soreness induction in human hamstrings. Forty-one physically active healthy male volunteers aged 18-33 years were randomly assigned to one of two experimental groups: interferential current group (n = 21) or placebo group (n = 20). Both groups performed a bout of 100 isokinetic eccentric maximal voluntary contractions (10 sets of 10 repetitions) at an angular velocity of 1.05 rad · s(-1) (60° · s(-1)) to induce muscle soreness. On the next day, volunteers received either an interferential current or a placebo application. Treatment was applied for 30 minutes (4 kHz frequency; 125 μs pulse duration; 80-150 Hz bursts). Mechanical pain threshold and isometric peak torque were measured at four different time intervals: prior to induction of muscle soreness, immediately following muscle soreness induction, on the next day after muscle soreness induction, and immediately after the interferential current and placebo application. Both groups showed a reduction in isometric torque (P < 0.001) and pain threshold (P < 0.001) after the eccentric exercise. After treatment, only the interferential current group showed a significant increase in pain threshold (P = 0.002) with no changes in isometric torque. The results indicate that interferential current was effective in increasing hamstrings mechanical pain threshold after eccentric exercise, with no effect on isometric peak torque after treatment. 相似文献
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This article discusses the implications of the contemporary transition from a solid modernity to a liquid modernity for school physical education, according to the metaphors adopted by the Polish sociologist and English resident Zygmunt Bauman. By leveraging Bauman's sociological theory, this article pursues two aims: (1) to examine how physical education was forged by the characteristics of solid modernity and (2) to demonstrate how the cultural dynamics of contemporary bodily practices can be analyzed and interpreted based on the characteristics of the so-called liquid modernity. The article further argues that the contours of liquid modernity indicate the need for a ‘culturalist turn’ in physical education, which would mean giving up a model requiring universal claims of solid modernity. Finally, the article concludes with some reflections on the need to revise the social mandate of school physical education, as well as on some of the challenges that must be faced by this field. 相似文献
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Carmen Roselaine de Oliveira Farias Isabel Cristina de Moura Carvalho Marcelo Gules Borges 《Environmental Education Research》2018,24(10):1476-1489
AbstractThis article discusses the scientific research work on environmental education presented during the last decade in three Brazilian conferences: the meetings of the National Association of Graduate Research on Education (Associação Nacional de Pós-Graduação e Pesquisa em Educação, ANPEd), the National Association of Graduate Research on Environment and Society (Associação Nacional de Pós-Graduação e Pesquisa em Ambiente e Sociedade, ANPPAS), and the Environmental Education Research Meetings (Encontros de Pesquisa em Educação Ambiental, EPEA). It analyzes the authors, institutions, and regions whence the studies came from, as well as their main research subjects. Our findings indicate the prevalence of women in all academic degree segments; of PhD holders and candidates; of professors in public higher education institutions located in the Brazilian Southwest and South regions; and of environmental education in formal teaching as the main subject in all three conferences. Based on these results, we discuss how this body of research relates to the development of Brazilian academic and educational policies, and indicate some of the challenges involved in building a research tradition in this field, in close dialogue with the arduous political and pedagogical path of environmental education in Brazilian schools. 相似文献