教育：青年与青年奥运会          下载免费PDF全文

Rob  KOEHLER  加拿大 《体育科研》2008,29(5):9-10

有人把体育运动中的兴奋剂归咎于参赛运动员违背了体育运动精神的价值取向,从不太严格的意义上讲,体育精神可以这样来描述,即运动员通过努力的训练及顽强的意志（而不是使用违禁物质与方法）,来实现对体育运动的热爱、卓越的追求,并由此获取相应的物质回报。另一方面,运动员是否以为他（她）的对手在使用兴奋剂也会影响他们的态度,因为他们往往会为了取得同等的竞争条件而做同样的事情;另外一些影响运动员是否使用兴奋剂的因素来自于他（她）的同伴、支持者、赞助商、媒体、公众舆论等,这些因素都有可能左右他（她）们的决定,即在比赛当中是否应使用提高运动成绩的违禁药物或措施。  相似文献   

The physical demands of elite English rugby union   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  

Roberts SP  Trewartha G  Higgitt RJ  El-Abd J  Stokes KA 《Journal of sports sciences》2008,26(8):825-833

The aim of this study was to assess the physical demands of elite English rugby union match-play. Player movements were captured by five distributed video cameras and then reconstructed on a two-dimensional plane representing the pitch. Movements based on speeds were categorized as standing, walking, jogging, and medium-intensity running (low-intensity activity), and high-intensity running, sprinting, and static exertion (scrummaging, rucking, mauling, and tackling) (high-intensity activity). Position groups were defined as forwards (tight and loose) and backs (inside and outside). Backs travelled more total distance than forwards (6127 m, s=724 vs. 5581 m, s=692; P<0.05) and greater distances in walking (2351 m, s=287 vs. 1928 m, s=2342; P<0.001) and high-intensity running (448 m, s=149 vs. 298 m, s=107; P<0.05). Forwards performed more high-intensity activity than backs (9:09 min:s, s=1:39 vs. 3:04 min:s, s=1:01; P<0.001), which was attributable to more time spent in static exertion (7:56 min:s, s=1:56 vs. 1:18 min:s, s=0:30; P<0.001), although backs spent more time in high-intensity running (0:52 min:s, s=0:19 vs. 1:19 min:s, s=0:26; P=0.004). Players travelled a greater distance in the first 10 min compared with 50-60 and 70-80 min, but there was no difference in the amount of high-intensity activity performed during consecutive 10-min periods during match-play. These results show the differing physical demands between forwards and backs with no evident deterioration in high-intensity activity performed during match-play.  相似文献   

Changes in respiratory muscle and lung function following marathon running in man     

Ross E  Middleton N  Shave R  George K  Mcconnell A 《Journal of sports sciences》2008,26(12):1295-1301

Respiratory muscle fatigue has been reported following short bouts of high-intensity exercise, and prolonged, moderate-intensity exercise, as evidenced by decrements in inspiratory and expiratory mouth pressures. However, links to functionally relevant outcomes such as breathing effort have been lacking. The present study examined dyspnoea and leg fatigue during a treadmill marathon in nine experienced runners. Maximal inspiratory and expiratory pressure, peak inspiratory and expiratory flow, forced vital capacity, and forced expiratory volume in one second were assessed before, immediately after, and four and 24 hours after a marathon. During the run, leg effort was rated higher than respiratory effort from 18 through 42 km (P < 0.05). Immediately after the marathon, there were significant decreases in maximal inspiratory pressure and peak inspiratory flow (from 118 +/- 20 cm H(2)O and 6.3 +/- 1.4 litres x s(-1) to 100 +/- 22 cm H(2)O and 4.9 +/- 1.5 litres x s(-1) respectively; P < 0.01), while expiratory function remained unchanged. Leg maximum voluntary contraction force was significantly lower post-marathon. Breathing effort correlated significantly with leg fatigue (r = 0.69), but not inspiratory muscle fatigue. Our results confirm that prolonged moderate-intensity exercise induces inspiratory muscle fatigue. Furthermore, they suggest that the relative intensity of inspiratory muscle work during exercise makes some contribution to leg fatigue.  相似文献   

Physiological responses and bowling performance during repeated spells of medium-fast bowling     

Duffield R  Carney M  Karppinen S 《Journal of sports sciences》2009,27(1):27-35

The aim of the present study was to investigate the relationship between physiological and performance responses during repeated 6-over fast-bowling spells. Six, first-class, medium-fast bowlers performed 2x6-over spells separated by 45 min of light activity. The 6-over spells were based on the Cricket Australia fast bowling skills test that is a set order of deliveries at a grid-based target. Ball speed, accuracy and full and final 5-m run-up speed were measured on each ball. Nude mass, heart rate, core temperature, capillary blood lactate, pH and glucose, perceptual measures of RPE and muscle soreness (MS) and repeated vertical jump efforts were measured prior to, during and following each spell. Results indicated no decrement (P=0.41) and small effect sizes (d<0.2) in bowling speed (125.7+/-5.1 and 125.4+/-4.5 km.h(-1)) or accuracy (40.4+/-16.1 and 41.6+/-18.0 AU) between spells 1 and 2. No differences (P=0.6-0.8) were present between spells for heart rate, core temperature, lactate, pH, glucose, RPE, MS or vertical jump. Only final 5-m run-up speed showed a large correlation with ball speed (r=0.70), while accuracy and speed were not correlated (r=0.05). In conclusion, repeated 6-over spells in well-trained bowlers results in minimal performance decrement in mild conditions (22 degrees C). As faster bowlers had faster final 5-m run-up speeds, the maintenance of high final 5-m run-up speeds might be important to maintaining bowling speed. Future research should also include a third bowling spell and warmer environmental conditions.  相似文献   

We aren't ready for futureschool     

Rob Foshay 《Performance Improvement》1987,26(1):28-29

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Reading and Writing: Digital Directions     

Christopher Turner  Nicola Jones  Jane Mitra  Phil Moore  Jane O'Donoghue  Rob Stannard  Mary-Lou Thornbury  Martin Tibbetts  Chris Warren 《English in Education》1997,31(2):45-53

The authors show that IT hardware and software are having an effect on literacy. As well as being aware of those changes, English teachers, they argue, should be exploiting IT for the development of those reading and writing skills necessary for the future. The article goes on to exemplify, through an exploration of how it came to be written, some of the processes and opportunities identified earlier.  相似文献   

Equal Opportunities: the curriculum and the subject     

Lynn Jones  Rob Moore 《Cambridge Journal of Education》1992,22(2):243-252

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开发统一的领导体系——乔治亚州与俄勒冈州执行的领导政策框架     

Katy Anthes  Ann Duffy  Rob larson 《北京教育(高教版)》2007,(11):16-17

在美国，州与学区的政策都有效影响了学校领导的发展。这些政策大致可以归为三类：1．标准类：教育领导者应该知道并能做什么？2．培训类：我们如何培训领导者了解并能够履行这些标准？3．环境类：影响教育领导者如何以及是否能够最好地履行自己能力的工作环境与政策是什么？  相似文献   

How do academics come to know? The structure and contestation of discipline-specific knowledge in a Design school     

Alan F. Cliff  Rob Woodward 《Higher Education》2004,48(3):269-290

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Educational modelling language: modelling reusable, interoperable, rich and personalised units of learning     

Rob Koper  Jocelyn Manderveld 《British journal of educational technology : journal of the Council for Educational Technology》2004,35(5):537-551

Nowadays there is a huge demand for flexible, independent learning without the constraints of time and place. Various trends in the field of education and training are the bases for the development of new technologies for education. This article describes the development of a learning technology specification, which supports these new demands for learning challenging the new technological possibilities. This specification is named Educational Modelling Language (EML) and is developed by the Open University of the Netherlands.  相似文献