The Effects of Selection Strategies for Bivariate Loglinear Smoothing Models on NEAT Equating Functions     

Tim Moses  Paul W. Holland 《Journal of Educational Measurement》2010,47(1):76-91

In this study, eight statistical strategies were evaluated for selecting the parameterizations of loglinear models for smoothing the bivariate test score distributions used in nonequivalent groups with anchor test (NEAT) equating. Four of the strategies were based on significance tests of chi-square statistics (Likelihood Ratio, Pearson, Freeman-Tukey, and Cressie-Read) and four additional strategies were based on different evaluations of the Likelihood Ratio Chi-Square statistic (Akaike Information Criterion, Bayesian Information Criterion, Consistent Akaike Information Criterion, and an index traced to Goodman). The focus was the implications of the selection strategies' selection tendencies for the accuracy of chained and poststratification equating functions. The results differentiated the strategies in terms of their tendencies to select models with particular bivariate parameterizations and the implications of these tendencies for equating bias and variability .  相似文献   

The issue at a glance     

Mona Walsh Holland 《Academic Questions》1991,5(1):3-4

The issue at a glance  相似文献   

Experimenting with Trident.     

P Holland  I Paine 《Special education: forward trends》1975,2(4):21-22

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Film Study and the English Teacher     

Philip Holland 《English in Education》1973,7(2):56-64

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Trial and intertrial durations in appetitive conditioning in rats     

Peter C. Holland 《Learning & behavior》2000,28(2):121-135

The effects of trial (T) and intertrial (I) durations were examined in two Pavlovian conditioning experiments with rats, in which a noise conditioned stimulus (CS) was paired with food delivery. In Experiment 1,T was either 10 or 20 sec, andI ranged from 15 to 960 sec, in separate groups of rats. The acquisition rate and final level of conditioned responding showed ratio invariance: They were better predicted by theI/T ratio than byI orT alone. In Experiment 2, theI/T ratio was 6.0 in all the groups, andT was 20, 40, 80, or 160 sec. Ratio invariance was not observed: Despite the commonI/T ratio, the rate of acquisition, final level of conditioned responding, and the ability of the CS to block conditioning of another stimulus differed among the groups. At the same time, the temporal distribution of conditioned responding withinT was similar in all the groups throughout conditioning and extinction and showed superpositioning when normalized acrossT. Many but not all aspects of the data were consistent with scalar timing theory.  相似文献   

Stimuli associated with the cancellation of food and its cues enhance eating but display negative incentive value     

Peter C. Holland 《Learning & behavior》2014,42(4):365-382

Initially neutral conditioned stimuli paired with food often acquire motivating properties, including serving as secondary reinforcers, enhancing instrumental responding in Pavlovian-instrumental transfer procedures, and potentiating food consumption under conditions of food satiation. Interestingly, cues associated with the cancellation of food and food cues may also potentiate food consumption (e.g., Galarce and Holland, 2009), despite their apparent negative correlations with food delivery. In three experiments with rats, we investigated conditions under which potentiation of feeding by such “interruption stimuIi” (ISs) develops, and some aspects of the content of that learning. Although in all three experiments ISs enhanced food consumption beyond control levels, they were found to act as conditioned inhibitors for anticipatory food cup entry (Experiment 1), to serve as conditioned punishers of instrumental responding (Experiment 2), and to suppress instrumental lever press responding in a Pavlovian instrumental transfer procedure (Experiment 3). Furthermore, when given concurrent choice between different foods, an IS enhanced consumption of the food whose interruption it had previously signaled, but when given a choice between performing two instrumental responses, the IS shifted rats’ choice away from the response that had previously yielded the food whose interruption had been signaled by IS (Experiment 3). Thus, the effects of an IS on appetitive responses were opposite to its effects on consummatory responding. Implications for our understanding of learned incentive motivation and the control of overeating are discussed.  相似文献   

Similarities and Differences in Behavioral State Organization during Sleep Periods in the Perinatal Infant Before and After Birth     

Lynn J. Groome  Matthew J. Swiber  Jana L. Atterbury  Lynn S. Bentz  and Scherri B. Holland 《Child development》1997,68(1):1-11

The purpose of this study was to determine the degree of consistency in behavioral state organization for 30 low-risk human participants examined as fetuses at 38–40 weeks gestation and again as neonates at approximately 2 weeks postnatal age. behavioral states were assigned similarly for fetuses and neonmates in terms of heart rate pattern and the presence or absence of eye and gross body movements. We found that the time spent in a sleep period was distributed among quiet sleep (QS), active sleep (AS), and indeterminate states in virtually identical proportions for fetuses and neonates. However, the only within-subject consistency between the fetal and neonatal periods was in the duration of complete QS epochs. Fetuses made fewer transitions between QS and AS, but neonates had shorter and more structured AS → QS transitions. These findings suggest that, whereas central nervous system processes governing QS do not change appreciably, the control of AS undergoes significant changes in the 4 weeks spannig the fetal and neonatal periods. We believe that the duration of enclosed QS epochs provides the only stable measure of behavioral state development between the prenatal and postnatal periods.  相似文献   

Harder than Nails,Harder than Spade: Anita Blake as “The Tough Guy” Detective     

Linda J. Holland‐Toll 《Journal of American culture (Malden, Mass. : 2003)》2004,27(2):175-189

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Summation and transfer of negative occasion setting     

Javier R. Morell  Peter C. Holland 《Learning & behavior》1993,21(2):145-153

Two experiments examined the summation and transfer of negative occasion setting in serial feature negative (X→A?/A+) and negative patterning discriminations (X→A?/X+/A+) in a discrete-trial operant task with rats. With both discrimination procedures, negative occasion setting transferred readily (but not perfectly) to cues trained as targets in another similar discrimination procedure, but not to cues that were separately trained. Furthermore, with both discrimination procedures, the negative occasion-setting powers of features from two individual discriminations summed, both when those features were trained with the same targets and when they were trained with different targets. After negative patterning discriminations, in which the feature (X) cues were separately reinforced, this summation of negative occasion setting occurred despite the concomitant summation of the features’ excitatory control in the absence of an explicit target cue. These data, which replicated and extended previously reported data from Pavlovian feature negative procedures, are discussed in the context of hierarchical, generalization, and network models of discrimination learning.  相似文献   

Toward a theory for the scientific management of educational film libraries     

William E. Alexander  James S. Dugan  John W. Holland 《Educational technology research and development : ETR & D》1971,19(1):89-101

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