Managing Risk and Experiencing Danger: tensions between government AIDS education policy and young women's sexuality     

Janet Holland  Caroline Ramazanoglu  Sue Scott 《Gender and education》1990,2(2):125-146

Much of the early panic relating to AIDS has focused on non‐heterosexual sexualities and the identification of high risk groups. It can be argued that fear of the spread of HIV and AIDS into the heterosexual population was the spur for the development of government policy in this area. The protection of the population in general depends on changes in high risk sexual practices, and the part played in these changes by young women has been given scant attention. We argue here that the sexual knowledge and practice of young women are crucial factors in the spread of HIV and AIDS, and that information on these factors is limited and interpreted within a framework of patriarchal ideology which obscures the power relations embedded in sexual relations. These issues are discussed using data from an investigation of young women's sexual beliefs and behaviour (the Women Risk and AIDS Project — WRAP) in relation to government AIDS education campaigns.

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Amount of training effects in representationmediated food aversion learning: No evidence of a role for associability changes     

Holland PC 《Learning & behavior》2005,33(4):464-478

Rats acquired aversions to food pellets when a previously trained signal for that food was paired with a toxin, but only after minimal signal—food training. After extensive signal—food training, signal—toxin pairings had no effect on food consumption even after manipulations that enhanced the associability of the signal. By contrast, conditioned responding to the signal retained its sensitivity to devaluation of the food reinforcer by food—toxin pairings after extensive training. These results suggest that the nature of associatively activated event representations changes over the course of training.  相似文献   

Management style and nature‐of‐problems as predictors of information source importance     

Winford E. Holland  Nancy S. Bushman  William J. Kretlow 《Journal of Applied Communication Research》2013,41(2):85-97

The research reported here describes aligning talk in simulated employment interviews. Alignment talk is used metacommunicatively by speakers to bracket, transform, or qualify other talk, hence it assumes great importance in how communicators define and evaluate situations. Four features of alignment talk appear both in the scholarly literature and in the speech of interview participants in our data: accounts, meta‐talk, formulations, and qualifiers. Each of these features are described in the present report, and their uses in job interviews are explored. It is concluded that these devices serve to accentuate role differences between interviewer and applicant, and to enforce rather stringent norms of how one talks in the job interview. Implications for interviewing practice are discussed.  相似文献   

Court-Defined Job Analysis Requirements for Validation of Teacher Certification Tests     

Phyllis A. Kuehn  William M. Stallings  C.L. Holland 《Educational Measurement》1990,9(4):21-24

What are the implications for teacher certification tests as courts begin to interpret the need for using a job analysis as a basis for testing? What is the character of recent court cases related to teacher certification tests?  相似文献   

Blocking in autoshaped lever-pressing procedures with rats     

Peter C. Holland  Judith S. A. Asem  Connor P. Galvin  Caitlin Hepps Keeney  Melanie Hsu  Alexandra Miller  Vivian Zhou 《Learning & behavior》2014,42(1):1-21

Rats will approach and contact a lever whose insertion into the chamber signals response-independent food delivery. This “autoshaping” or “sign-tracking” phenomenon has recently attracted considerable attention as a platform for studying individual differences in impulsivity, drug sensitization, and other traits associated with vulnerability to drug addiction. Here, we examined two basic stimulus selection phenomena—blocking and overshadowing—in the autoshaped lever pressing of rats. Blocking and overshadowing were decidedly asymmetrical. Previously reinforced lever-extension conditioned stimuli (CSs) completely blocked conditioning to auditory cues (Exps. 1 and 2), and previously nonreinforced lever-extension CSs overshadowed conditioning to auditory cues. By contrast, conditioning to lever-extension CSs was not blocked by either auditory (Exp. 3) or lever-insertion (Exp. 4) cues, and was not overshadowed by auditory cues. Conditioning to a lever-insertion cue was somewhat overshadowed by the presence of another lever, especially in terms of food cup behavior displayed after lever withdrawal. We discuss several frameworks in which the apparent immunity of autoshaped lever pressing to blocking might be understood. Given evidence that different brain systems are engaged when different kinds of cues are paired with food delivery, it is worth considering the possibility that interactions among them in learning and performance may follow different rules. In particular, it is intriguing to speculate that the roles of simple cue–reinforcer contiguity, as well as of individual and aggregate reinforcer prediction errors, may differ across stimulus classes.  相似文献   

The Enigmatic Lynndie England: Gendered Explanations for the Crisis at Abu Ghraib     

Shannon L. Holland 《传播与批判/文化研究》2013,10(3):246-264

This essay examines the gendered explanations for the prisoner abuse scandal at Abu Ghraib. Specifically, I examine how mainstream news media's selective focus on Lynndie England encouraged the public to read Abu Ghraib primarily as a gender crisis rather than as a crisis in US military culture. This framing not only deflected attention away from the other soldiers involved in the scandal (particularly the men who were involved) but also diverted criticism away from more comprehensive discussions regarding the US military's use of abuse and torture, the unlawful detainment of suspected terrorists, and the erosion of civil liberties in the post-9/11 era. Moreover, these representations of Abu Ghraib as a gender crisis prompted new criticism regarding gender integration in the military and constructed feminism as the new villain in the American melodrama.  相似文献   

Interview with Kenneth Clark     

Laura Holland 《Equity & Excellence in Education》2013,46(1-2):6-7

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Tear osmolarity is sensitive to exercise-induced fluid loss but is not associated with common hydration measures in a field setting     

Justin J. Holland  Michelle Ray  Christopher Irwin  Tina L. Skinner  Michael Leveritt  Ben Desbrow 《Journal of sports sciences》2018,36(11):1220-1227

This investigation (i) examined changes in tear osmolarity in response to fluid loss that occurs with exercise in a field setting, and (ii) compared tear osmolarity with common field and laboratory hydration measures. Sixty-three participants [age 27.8 ± 8.4 years, body mass 72.15 ± 10.61 kg] completed a self-paced 10 km run outside on a predetermined course. Body mass, tear fluid, venous blood and urine samples were collected immediately before and after exercise. Significant (p < 0.001) reductions in body mass (1.71 ± 0.44%) and increases in tear osmolarity (8 ± 15 mOsm.L^?1), plasma osmolality (7 ± 8 mOsm.kg^?1), and urine specific gravity (0.0014 ± 0.0042 g.mL^?1; p = 0.008) were observed following exercise. Pre- to post-exercise change in tear osmolarity was not significantly correlated (all p > 0.05) with plasma osmolality (r_s = 0.24), urine osmolality (r_s = 0.14), urine specific gravity (r_s = 0.13) or relative body mass loss (r = 0.20). Tear osmolarity is responsive to exercise-induced fluid loss but does not correlate with the changes observed using other common measures of hydration status in the field setting. Practitioners shouldn’t directly compare or replace other common hydration measures with tear osmolarity in the field.

Abbreviations: BML: Body Mass Loss; CV: Coefficient of Variation; P_osm: Plasma osmolality; SD: Standard Deviation; T_osm: Tear Osmolarity; U_osm: Urine Osmolality; USG: Urine Specific Gravity; WBGT: Wet bulb globe thermometer  相似文献   

Imagined Adulthood: Resources,plans and contradictions   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  

Rachel Thomson  Janet Holland 《Gender and education》2002,14(4):337-350

In this paper we illustrate the contradictory consequences of female individualization by exploring young people's imagined futures, drawing on an analysis of 'lifelines' collected as part of an ongoing longitudinal qualitative study of young people's transitions to adulthood. We discuss the method and compare lifelines across the sample. We suggest that while there are areas of consensus (such as the hetero-normative goal of marriage and children by 35) the traditionally gendered transitions to adulthood are under pressure, a pressure that is exerted most strongly by working class young people. Through three contrasting case studies we illustrate how the ways in which young people imagine their futures are constrained by the resources and possibilities of their particular social locations.  相似文献   

Shades of the prison house: the fiction of Leon Garfield     

Philip Holland 《Children‘s Literature in Education》1978,9(4):159-172

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