The biomechanics of situational baseball: Execution and perception of left-handed pitchers' simulated pick-off moves to first base     

Dave Fortenbaugh  Monique Butcher-Mokha 《Sports biomechanics / International Society of Biomechanics in Sports》2013,12(1):2-16

The aim of this study was to provide an in-depth analysis of the pick-off play in baseball. Ten collegiate left-handed pitchers and nine base-runners participated in this study. The pitchers were videotaped with four cameras to derive three-dimensional data while performing deliveries in the directions of first base and home plate in a laboratory setting. Deliveries were performed from flat ground. Differences between these deliveries were measured through ten selected joint and segment angles. The base-runners completed two distinct procedures in which they viewed video footage of left-handed pitchers and estimated the intended delivery direction. Base-runners were subsequently interviewed to determine the reasoning behind their decisions. The pitchers' data revealed differences between delivery types in nearly all of the selected angles (P < 0.01). The base-runners' data demonstrated that their ability to discriminate delivery types improved when allowed more viewing time per trial (P < 0.01). Additionally, commonalities exist among the base-runners' focal points on the pitcher while making decisions regarding delivery direction and the kinematic differences between deliveries in left-handed pitchers. The practical significance of these results, however, may be more difficult to interpret.  相似文献   

Communities of practice,social learning and networks: exploiting the social side of coach development     

John Stoszkowski  Dave Collins 《Sport, Education and Society》2013,18(6):773-788

Large-scale coach education programmes have been developed in many countries, and are presented as playing a key role in the development of coaches and the promotion of high standards. Unfortunately, however, coaches often perceive that the current system of formal coach education fails to meet their needs. Perhaps as a result, the majority of their development is personally perceived to take place via informal and non-formal means. Appropriately, therefore, there has been an increasing focus within the coaching literature on the social aspects of learning, with social constructivist perspectives receiving particular attention. Reflecting this appropriate focus, this article explores some of the potential opportunities and threats that social learning methods, such as Communities of Practice (CoP), present for coach developers. In tandem, we outline how all coaches are influenced by a set of pre-existing beliefs, attitudes and dispositions, which are largely tempered by their experiences and interactions both with and within their social ‘milieu’. We argue that, at the very least, we need to begin to understand these constructs and, if we do, the potential for coach developers to manipulate and exploit them is obvious. In conclusion, it is highlighted that whilst offering inherent challenges, CoPs and other social learning methods provide coach developers with a great opportunity and legitimate tool to change coach behaviour and raise coaching standards. Perhaps paradoxically, we also propose that formal coach education may still have a vital role to play in this process.  相似文献   

A comparison of strategic development for multiplication problem solving in low-, average-, and high-achieving students     

Dake Zhang  Yi Ding  Dave E. Barrett  Yan Ping Xin  Ru-de Liu 《European Journal of Psychology of Education - EJPE》2014,29(2):195-214

The present study investigated the differences of strategy use between low-, average-, and high-achieving students when solving different multiplication problems. Nineteen high-, 48 average-, and 17 low-achieving students participated in this study. All participants were asked to complete three different multiplication tests and to explain how they solved these problems. Results suggested that low achievers used incorrect operation strategies more frequently, indicating a lack of conceptual understanding of multiplication. High-achieving students demonstrated greater flexibility in problem-solving and were more accurate in performing direct retrieval or math algorithm strategies. Results were discussed about improving low achievers’ use of advanced strategies, enhancing their flexibility in choosing strategies and improving students’ accuracy in using direct retrieval or math algorithms.  相似文献   

Reducing test anxiety among school-aged adolescents: a field experiment     

Dave Putwain  Suzanne Chamberlain  Anthony L. Daly  Shireen Sadreddini 《Educational Psychology in Practice》2014,30(4):420-440

This paper evaluates the effectiveness of a multimodal and information technology (IT)-delivered intervention for test anxiety. Participants were randomly allocated to an intervention or waiting list group. Test anxiety was measured pre- and post-intervention and academic buoyancy, a construct that refers to students’ capacity to withstand academic challenge and pressure, as a covariate. In the intervention group, 13.7% of participants completed the full intervention programme comprising six sessions; 25.5% partially completed the programme (one or more sessions); and 60.8% of participants chose not to complete any sessions. Results showed that, after completing the intervention and when controlling for academic buoyancy, highly test anxious students showed a reduction in the worry and tension components of test anxiety, relative to those who did not complete the intervention. The findings suggest that the intervention may offer highly test anxious students a means of reducing their anxiety that does not rely on face-to-face delivery.  相似文献   

The predictive power of intuitive rules: A critical analysis of the impact of `more A–more B' and `same A–same B'     

Wim Van Dooren  Dirk De Bock  Dave Weyers  Lieven Verschaffel 《Educational Studies in Mathematics》2004,56(2-3):179-207

In the international community of mathematics and science educators the intuitive rules theory developed by the Israeli researchers Tirosh and Stavy receives much attention. According to this theory, students' responses to a variety of mathematical and scientific tasks can be explained in terms of their application of some common intuitive rules. Two major intuitive rules are manifested in comparison tasks: ‘More A—more B’ and ‘Same A—same B’. In this paper, we address two important questions for which the existing literature on intuitive rules does not provide a convincing research-based answer: (1) are the reasoning processes of students who respond in line with a given intuitive rule actually affected by that rule or by essentially other misconceptions (leading to the same answer), and (2) are individual students consistent in their choice of one of the intuitive rules when confronted with different, conceptually unrelated tasks? A test consisting of five comparison problems from different mathematical subdomains was administered collectively to 172 Flemish students from Grades 10 to 12. An analysis of students' written calculations and justifications suggested that the students were considerably less affected by the intuitive rules than their multiple-choice answers actually suggested. Instead, essentially different misconceptions and errors were found. With respect to the issue of individual consistency, we found that students who made many errors did not answer systematically in line with one of the two intuitive rules.  相似文献   

The Place of Analogies in Science Education     

Dave Heywood 《Cambridge Journal of Education》2002,32(2):233-247

The role of analogy in learning has been extensively researched in science education. The core purpose of the use of analogy as a strategy deployed in teaching is that of developing understanding of abstract phenomena from concrete reference. Whilst such an objective is desirable, it is predicated on the assumption that there is an agreed interpretation of the particular phenomena under scrutiny to which all subscribe. This paper argues that such a position is untenable and that the research enterprise should shift focus from determining the effectiveness of analogy in cognitive transfer from base to target domains towards the recognition of the role of analogy in generating engagement in the learning process. In such a paradigm, meaning in science for both learner and teacher is derived from discourse rather than being independent of it. The discussion draws on hermeneutic philosophy to provide a theoretical framework to illustrate the implications for teacher subject and pedagogical knowledge.  相似文献   

Schedule-induced behavior in rats: Pellets versus powder     

Charles H. M. Beck  Thomas J. S. Huh  Dave G. Mumby  Marian E. Fundytus 《Learning & behavior》1989,17(1):49-62

Food-deprived rats develop polydipsia on an intermittent schedule (fixed time 60 sec) of food pellet delivery, but not on an identical schedule of food powder delivery. This result was demonstrated with separate groups receiving each type of food and was replicated using rats as their own controls. Powdered food not only prevented the development of polydipsia, but it abruptly terminated ongoing polydipsia in rats that were switched from the scheduled delivery of pellets to powder. Ethological analysis of the behavior showed that the rats receiving powder were not engaging excessively in some behavior other than drinking. After discounting several factors, we concluded that the amount of oral activity associated with feeding, which occurred immediately after food delivery, was reciprocally related to the level of drinking.  相似文献   

The application of computers in education     

Dave F. Sewell  David R. Rotheray 《Prospects》1987,17(3):379-386

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Notes and News     

Carlo Ratio  Dave Hall 《Mentoring & Tutoring: Partnership in Learning》2013,21(3):61-64

This article explores mentoring within the context of post‐16 working class urban youth and their transition from compulsory education to the labour market. The difficulties inherent in such a transition in a post industrial context are highlighted utilising the concepts of risk, individualisation and liminality. The authors reflect upon their own experiences in initial teacher education and draw parallels between mentoring in this area and mentoring urban youth. They consider a model of cognitive mentoring for incorporation into vocational education and training programmes and develop a set of guiding principles for such programmes which are intended to empower young people in the process of navigating and negotiating their routes into flexible and fast changing labour markets.  相似文献   

Music and Music People     

Jay Caress  Dave Marsh  Yehudi Menuhin  Curtis W. Davis  Gregory Allen Munford  John Storm Roberts 《Communication Booknotes Quarterly》2013,44(6):130-131

Jay Caress Hank Willimns: Country Musics Tragic King (Briarcliff Manor, N.Y.; Stein & Day, 1979—S10.95)

Dave Marsh Born to Run: The Bruce Springsteen. Story (Garden City r. N.Y.: Doubleday/Dolphin Books, l979—$7.75,paper.)

The Music Makera (New York: Harry N. Abrams, l979-$35.00)

Yehudi Menuhin and Curtis W. Davis. The Music of Man (Toronto and New York: Methuen, 1979 —$24,95)

Gregory Allen Munford Munford's Simple Guide to Classical Music (Chicago: Chicago Review Press (215 Ohio St., 60610), . 1979– - $4.95, paper)

John Storm Roberts The Latin Tinge: The Impact of Latin America Music on the United States (New York: Oxford University Press,.1979–$12.95)  相似文献