Television exposure and language development     

Gary W. Selnow  Erwin P. Bettinghaus 《广播与电子媒介杂志》2013,57(1):469-479

A language sample and a television log were collected from 93 preschool children. Correlations between the language sophistication levels of the subjects and television exposure showed a significant negative inverse relationship. Differential results between types of programs viewed and language development suggest support for an environmentalist theory of language development.  相似文献   

Effect of a novel pedal design on maximal power output and mechanical efficiency in well-trained cyclists     

Erwin Koninckx  Peter Hespel 《Journal of sports sciences》2013,31(10):1015-1023

Abstract

In this study, we evaluated the effects of a novel pedal design, characterized by a downward and forward shift of the cleat fixing platform relative to the pedal axle, on maximal power output and mechanical efficiency in 22 well-trained cyclists. Maximal power output was measured during a series of short (5-s) intermittent sprints on an isokinetic cycle ergometer at cadences from 40 to 120 rev · min^?1. Mechanical efficiency was evaluated during a submaximal incremental exercise test on a bicycle ergometer using continuous [Vdot]O₂ and [Vdot]CO₂ measurement. Similar tests with conventional pedals and the novel pedals, which were mounted on the individual racing bike of the participant, were randomized. Maximal power was greater with novel pedals than with conventional pedals (between 6.0%, s_x  = 1.5 at 40 rev · min^?1 and 1.8%, s_x  = 0.7 at 120 rev · min^?1; P = 0.01). Torque production between crank angles of 60° and 150° was higher with novel pedals than with conventional pedals (P = 0.004). The novel pedal design did not affect whole-body [Vdot]O₂ or [Vdot]CO₂. Mechanical efficiency was greater with novel pedals than with conventional pedals (27.2%, s_x  = 0.9 and 25.1%, s_x  = 0.9% respectively; P = 0.047; effect size = 0.9). In conclusion, the novel pedals can increase maximal power output and mechanical efficiency in well-trained cyclists.  相似文献   

Feasibility of eyes open alpha power training for mental enhancement in elite gymnasts     

Marian K. J. Dekker  Berber R. Van den Berg  Ad J. M. Denissen  Margriet M. Sitskoorn 《Journal of sports sciences》2013,31(16):1550-1560

Abstract

This study focuses on a novel, easy to use and instruction-less method for mental training in athletes. Previous findings suggest that particular mental capacities are needed for achieving peak performance; including attentional control, focus, relaxation and positive affect. Electroencephalography (EEG) alpha brain activity has been associated with neural inhibition during processes of selective attention, for improving efficiency in information processing. Here we hypothesised that eyes open alpha power training by music teaches athletes to (1) learn to self-regulate their brain activity, and (2) learn to increase their baseline alpha power, herewith improving mental capacities such as focusing the allocation of attention. The study was double-blind and placebo-controlled. Twelve elite gymnasts were either given eyes open alpha power training or random beta power training (controls). Results indicate small improvements in sleep quality, mental and physical shape. In our first attempt at getting a grip on mental capacities in athletes, we think this novel training method can be promising. Because gymnastics is one of the most mentally demanding sports, we value even small benefits for the athlete and consider them indicative for future research.  相似文献   

Comprehensive School-Based Physical Activity Promotion: A Review     

Heather Erwin  Aaron Beighle  Russell L. Carson  Darla M. Castelli 《Quest (Human Kinetics)》2013,65(4):412-428

Physical activity (PA) participation levels among youth remain well below national recommendations. Thus, a variety of strategies to promote youth PA have been advocated, including multifaceted, school-based approaches. One identified as having great potential is a comprehensive school physical activity program (CSPAP). The goal of a CSPAP is to develop a school culture conducive to promoting lifelong PA across five integral components, each serving as a plausible point of intervention: (a) physical education, (b) PA during school, (c) PA before and after school, (d) staff involvement, and (e) family/community involvement. The purpose of this article is to provide an up-to-date review on all CSPAP components, propose the potential of such comprehensive interventions in increasing youth PA levels, and provide future directions for CSPAP research.  相似文献   

An educational regime: medical doctors,schoolmasters, jurists and the education of retarded and deprived children in the Netherlands around 1900     

Jeroen J. H. Dekker 《History of education》2013,42(3):255-268

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A Study‐Worship‐Service Project     

Erwin L. Shaver∗  Otto Mayer∗  C. Ivar Hellstrom∗  Frank E. Duddy∗  Frank E. Butler∗ 《Religious education (Chicago, Ill.)》2013,108(2):96-103

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Ivan Pavlov on communist dogmatism and the autonomy of science in the Soviet Union in the early 1920s     

Rose KW 《Minerva》1991,29(4):463-475

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Strukturformen der Berufserziehung in der Schweiz     

Erwin Jeangros 《International Review of Education/Internationale Zeitschrift für Erziehungswissenschaft/Revue internationale l'éducation》1956,2(4):458-467

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A National Profile of Teacher Education Faculty: The Construction of an Online Survey     

Kim C. Graber  Heather Erwin  Amelia Mays Woods  Jesse Rhoades  Weimo Zhu 《Measurement in physical education and exercise science》2013,17(4):245-256

The purposes of this study were to examine the test-retest reliability of the PACER 20-m, multistage shuttle run and to examine the equivalence reliability of the mile run/walk and PACER from both a criterion-referenced and norm-referenced framework. All fourth- and fifth-grade children (N = 266) from one public school were administered two trials of the PACER and one trial of the mile run/walk (mean age = 10.5 ± 0.5 years). The percent of boys that passed the PACER (68%) was similar to the percent of boys that passed the mile run/walk (66%); however, the percent of girls that passed the PACER (96%) far exceeded the percent of girls that passed the mile run/walk (65%). Criterion-referenced reliability was estimated with proportion of agreement (Pa) and modified kappa (Kq) using FITNESSGRAM® (Cooper Institute for Aerobics Research, 1992) standards. Pa = .97 (Kq = .94) for girls and Pa = .82 (Kq = .65) for boys. The high level of agreement for girls was found because of the low criterion-referenced standards, which allowed 99 of 104 girls to pass both trials of the PACER. Criterion-referenced equivalence reliability of the mile run/walk and PACER was moderate for boys (Pa = .83, Kq = .65) and low for girls (Pa = .66, Kq = .33). The low level of classification agreement for girls was also explained by the low standards for the PACER for this age group. Thirty-four percent of the girls that passed the PACER failed the mile run/walk. Norm-referenced test-retest reliability of the PACER was estimated with an intraclass correlation (R_xx) from a one-way analysis of variance model. Reliability estimates were high for two trials (R_xx = .89 for boys and R_xx = .89 for girls) and acceptable for one trial (R_xx = .80 for boys and R_xx = .79 for girls). Pearson correlations between the mile run/walk and PACER were moderate (-.59≤r≤-.67). The moderate correlations between the mile run/walk and PACER and the low criterion-referenced...  相似文献   

Doctoral dissertations in radio and television     

L. Erwin Atwood 《广播与电子媒介杂志》2013,57(4):377-383

The perceived social realism of television series featuring families with children and adolescents was studied. For the two family series they watched the most, 460 2nd, 6th, and 10th graders indicated the percentage of real‐life American families they believed were like the television family on 13 different characteristics. Findings suggest that perceived social realism judgments are sensitive to content, as are developmental patterns in judgment. They further suggest that disparate findings among previous studies of age changes in perceived social realism may be explained by age, the content judged, the realism criterion used for judgment, and familiarity with both the content and its real‐life referents.  相似文献