Communication Intervention for Students with Severe Disability: results of a partner training program     

Michael Arthur  Nancy Butterfield  David H. McKinnon 《International Journal of Disability, Development & Education》1998,45(1):97-115

This paper reports on the evaluation of a professional development program designed for communication partners of students with severe disability. The program aimed to facilitate the translation of reported best practice in the area of communication to classroom practice. A model of case application was used to enhance partner acquisition of targeted skills and knowledge, thereby addressing perceived concerns in this area. Participants including teachers, teacher aides, and speech pathologists completed pre‐ and post‐intervention questionnaires measuring skills, knowledge, and concerns. Data were analysed on the basis of participant role to determine the significance of change between groups. Results suggest that the professional development program was effective. Teachers and teacher aides reported increased skills and knowledge, accompanied by reduced concerns. Speech pathologists indicated minimal change in either area. These findings are explored in the context of the current research literature on partner training in communication intervention.  相似文献   

Emotional Maltreatment and Adolescent Depression: Mediating Mechanisms and Demographic Considerations in a Child Welfare Sample     

Shiesha L. McNeil  Arthur R. Andrews  Joseph R. Cohen 《Child development》2020,91(5):1681-1697

Emotional maltreatment is a risk factor for adolescent depression. Yet, it remains unclear whether commissions and omissions of emotional maltreatment (a) confer vulnerability via distinct mechanisms and (b) demonstrate similar risk across adolescent subpopulations. The present, multiwave study examined whether school engagement and peer relationships explain the depressive effects of distinct emotional maltreatment subtypes in an at-risk child welfare sample (N = 657; ages 11–14, Age_Mean = 12.49). The findings indicated that commission subtypes of emotional maltreatment predicted increasing depressive symptoms via increasing peer relationship problems, especially for girls. Meanwhile, decreasing school engagement was a depressogenic risk pathway for Hispanic adolescents reporting omission subtypes of emotional maltreatment. The results emphasize the importance of distinguish between emotional maltreatment subtypes to identify specific risk pathways for adolescent depression.  相似文献   

Computers in control: Rational transfer of authority or irresponsible abdication of autonomy?     

Arthur Kuflik 《Ethics and Information Technology》1999,1(3):173-184

To what extent should humans transfer, or abdicate, “responsibility” to computers? In this paper, I distinguish six different senses of ‘responsible’ and then consider in which of these senses computers can, and in which they cannot, be said to be “responsible” for “deciding” various outcomes. I sort out and explore two different kinds of complaint against putting computers in greater “control” of our lives: (i) as finite and fallible human beings, there is a limit to how far we can acheive increased reliability through complex devices of our own design; (ii) even when computers are more reliable than humans, certain tasks (e.g., selecting an appropriate gift for a friend, solving the daily crossword puzzle) are inappropriately performed by anyone (or anything) other than oneself. In critically evaluating these claims, I arrive at three main conclusions: (1) While we ought to correct for many of our shortcomings by availing ourselves of the computer's larger memory, faster processing speed and greater stamina, we are limited by our own finiteness and fallibility (rather than by whatever limitations may be inherent in silicon and metal) in the ability to transcend our own unreliability. Moreover, if we rely on programmed computers to such an extent that we lose touch with the human experience and insight that formed the basis for their programming design, our fallibility is magnified rather than mitigated. (2) Autonomous moral agents can reasonably defer to greater expertise, whether human or cybernetic. But they cannot reasonably relinquish “background-oversight” responsibility. They must be prepared, at least periodically, to review whether the “expertise” to which they defer is indeed functioning as he/she/it was authorized to do, and to take steps to revoke that authority, if necessary. (3) Though outcomes matter, it can also matter how they are brought about, and by whom. Thus, reflecting on how much of our lives should be directed and implemented by computer may be another way of testing any thoroughly end-state or consequentialist conception of the good and decent life. To live with meaning and purpose, we need to actively engage our own faculties and empathetically connect up with, and resonate to, others. Thus there is some limit to how much of life can be appropriately lived by anyone (or anything) other than ourselves.  相似文献   

Segmented sedentary time and physical activity patterns throughout the week from wrist-worn ActiGraph GT3X+ accelerometers among children 7-12 years old     

Gillian McLellan  Rosie Arthur  Samantha Donnelly  Duncan S.Buchan 《运动与健康科学(英文)》2020,9(2):179-188

Background:This study examined the volume and patterns of physical activity(PA) and sedentary time(ST) across different segments of the week among boys and girls.Methods:A total of 188 children aged 7-12 years wore a wrist-mounted ActiGraph GT3 X+accelerometer for 7 days.Time spent in PA and ST was calculated using ActiLife software.The mean number of minutes of light PA,moderate PA,vigorous PA,moderate-to-vigorous PA(MVPA),and ST were calculated per weekday(before school,during school,and after school) and per weekend day(morning and afternoon-evening).Results:After school represented the greatest accumulation of ST compared with before school and during school segments.Boys engaged in225.4 min/day of ST(95% confidence interval(CI):216-235),and girls engaged in 222.2 min/day of ST(95%CI:213-231).During school,boys engaged in significantly more MVPA than girls(46.1 min/day(95%CI:44-48) vs.40.7 min/day(95%CI:39-43)).Across the whole weekday,boys participated in significantly more MVPA than girls(103.9 min/day(95%CI:99-109) vs.95.7 min/day(95%CI:90-101)).The weekend afternoon—evening segment represented the larger accumulation of ST,where boys were significantly more sedentary than girls(367.5 min/day(95%CI:353-382) vs.339.8 min/day(95%CI:325-355),respectively).Conclusion:Our findings suggest that children are highly sedentary and spend little of their time in school in MVPA,especially girls.Routine breaks in school elicit increases in light PA and MVPA.Future work should consider the use of more active breaks within school time to encourage PA and reduce ST.  相似文献   

Combined training,FNDC5/irisin levels and metabolic markers in obese men: A randomised controlled trial     

Ivan Luiz Padilha Bonfante  Mara Patrícia Traina Chacon-Mikahil  Diego Trevisan Brunelli  Arthur Fernandes Gáspari  Renata Garbellini Duft  Wendell Arhur Lopes 《European Journal of Sport Science》2017,17(5):629-637

The effects of training on FNDC5/irisin and its association with fitness and metabolic marker improvements induced by training have been poorly investigated in humans. Thus, the present study assessed the effects of combined training (CT) on FNDC5/irisin levels, metabolic markers and fitness adaptations in obese men. Middle-age obese men (age 49.13?±?5.75, body mass index (BMI) 30.86?±?1.63) were randomly distributed in the CT group (n?=?12) and control group (CG n?=?10). The CT consisted of strength followed by aerobic training, 3 times/week, for 24 weeks. Body composition, physical fitness, plasma FNDC5/irisin, biochemical markers and metabolic scores/index were evaluated. CT maintained FNDC5/irisin levels (µg/mL) (pre: 4.15?±?0.32, post: 4.21?±?0.32; p?=?.96) and improved body composition, metabolic and physical fitness markers. In the CG, decreased FNDC5/irisin (µg/mL) (pre: 4.36?±?0.23, post: 3.57?±?0.94; p?=?.01) and reduced strength (supine exercise/kg) (pre: 71?±?14.7, post: 60.1?±?14.05; p?<?.01) were observed, along with a trend to increase HOMA-IR (pre: 2.63?±?1.11, post: 3.14?±?1.27; p?=?.07) and other indicators of metabolic deterioration. An inverse correlation was found between the change (Δ%) in levels of FNDC5/irisin and Δ% glucose, Δ% total cholesterol, Δ% triglycerides and Δ% waist circumference, in addition to a positive relation with Δ% muscle strength. In conclusion, CT maintained FNDC5/irisin levels and provided metabolic and fitness benefits. The correlation between FNDC5/irisin changes and metabolic parameters, as well as the FNDC5/irisin reduction associated with fitness and metabolic worsening in the CG, suggests a relationship between FNDC5/irisin and a healthy metabolic status in humans.  相似文献   

Kinanthropometry - the interdisciplinary discipline     

Stewart A 《Journal of sports sciences》2007,25(4):373

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The control of current across a spark gap by means of an external magnetic field     

Robt F. Earhart  Henry Arthur Carlock 《Journal of The Franklin Institute》1933,215(2):179-187

An experimental study was made of the electrical discharge between parallel plates when the pressure between the plates had been reduced to a value slightly less than the critical pressure—i.e. to the condition when a tube begins to harden. Under these conditions the application of a transverse magnetic field will produce a discharge between the electrodes for potentials less than the normal potential required. It is believed that this is due to the lengthening of the path traversed by the ions in crossing the gap. The results obtained may be harmonized by means of the values found by Carr (Proc. Roy. Soc. 1903) who made a study of Paschen's Law in the region of critical pressure. In general it is found possible, under the conditions studied, to start a discharge and control the value of the current through a circuit of which the gap is a part by means of varying the magnetic field superposed on the gap and without altering either the impressed E.M.F. or the ohmic resistance of the circuit.This control is effected by altering the effective length of the spark gap in the circuit by means of the external magnetic field.  相似文献   

Comparison of oils derived from coal and from oil shale     

Joseph W. Horne  Arthur D. Bauer 《Journal of The Franklin Institute》1927,204(6):821-822

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Book reviews     

Louis Legrand  Jacques Hallak  Arthur Gillette 《Prospects》1980,10(3):355-366

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A VSE equation of state for liquids—II: n-Alkanes,Benzene, Mercury and Water     

Arthur K. Doolittle 《Journal of The Franklin Institute》1976,301(3):241-251

The work reported in Ref. (1), carried out on n-heptane from 273·16K to the critical point (under moderate pressures), is extended to five n-alkanes, benzene, mercury and water under saturation pressures and extended to much lower temperatures.Forty calculations of various thermodynamic quantities pertaining to the liquids here studied (648 points) are presented in Tables II-IV. All parameters and physical constants involved are presented in Table V. The Standard Percentage Errors (SPE) for all the calculations and the temperature ranges are given in Table VI. The grand average SPE for the 648 points is about one-third of 1%. Only one calculation (the temperature of water from 393·16 to 563·16 K) had an error greater than 1% (18 points).  相似文献