What-if history of science     

Alan C. Love  Robert J. Richards  Peter J. Bowler 《Metascience》2015,24(1):5-24

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Reliability,Dimensionality, and Internal Consistency as Defined by Cronbach: Distinct Albeit Related Concepts          下载免费PDF全文

Ernest C. Davenport  Mark L. Davison  Pey‐Yan Liou  Quintin U. Love 《Educational Measurement》2015,34(4):4-9

This article uses definitions provided by Cronbach in his seminal paper for coefficient α to show the concepts of reliability, dimensionality, and internal consistency are distinct but interrelated. The article begins with a critique of the definition of reliability and then explores mathematical properties of Cronbach's α. Internal consistency and dimensionality are then discussed as defined by Cronbach. Next, functional relationships are given that relate reliability, internal consistency, and dimensionality. The article ends with a demonstration of the utility of these concepts as defined. It is recommended that reliability, internal consistency, and dimensionality each be quantified with separate indices, but that their interrelatedness be recognized. High levels of unidimensionality and internal consistency are not necessary for reliability as measured by α nor, more importantly, for interpretability of test scores.  相似文献   

Dream Big: Exploring Empowering Processes of DREAM Act Advocacy in a Focal State     

Brad Forenza  Carolina Mendonca 《Journal of Latinos & Education》2017,16(4):290-300

This original, qualitative research analyzed in-depth interviews with five undocumented, college-age, Latino DREAM Act advocates in a single state. An organizational empowerment framework was utilized to explore processes allied with such advocacy. Four emergent themes transcended the data inductively: (1) Challenging Social Injustice, which pertains to participant motivations for involvement; (2) Inherent Connection, which pertains to the unique personal experiences among DREAM-ers; (3) Combatting Internalized Stigma, which pertains to overcoming the shame or embarrassment of an undocumented identity; and (4) Civic Literacy, which pertains to political proficiencies that participants acquired throughout their DREAM Act involvement. Implications are discussed.  相似文献   

Protecting Our Earth     

Brad Franklin 《英语沙龙》2010,(6):33-34

毫不夸张地说,地球上的每个人都为我们共同居住的环境造成了某种程度的压力。看看人类为这个地球做了什么:砍伐森林、捕食动物、丢弃对环境有害的废弃物……。事实虽然很讽刺,但我们不得不承认:正是人类,这个创造了世界文明并推进社会发展的群体,才是最需要对我们赖以生存的星球负责的人。现在开始醒悟还来得及,你还在等什么?  相似文献   

自行车——最环保的交通工具(英文)     

Brad Franklin 《英语沙龙》2010,(8)

人类历史发展至今,已经脱离了刀耕火种的原始生存状态,步入了一段前所未有的文明时期。人类利用日渐发达的聪明才智,制造出汽车、飞机等交通工具,并登上了月球,在火星和深遂的海洋中安排机器人进行勘测……然而,随着这种文明的发展,也出现了很多环境问题。既然历史的车轮无法让我们再回到从前简单的生活方式当中,就只有认识且反省人类曾经对环境犯下的错误,并在将来的日子里竭力纠正——无论这是一项多么艰巨的任务。  相似文献   

Making Friends with Foreigners on the Internet     

Brad Franklin 《英语沙龙》2010,(10):36-37

交个外国网友到底靠不靠谱？友谊在他们心中又占多大份量？这些问题一直在困扰着Rose。身为加拿大人的Brad会给她什么样的建议？  相似文献   

Specific language impairment, theory of mind, and visual perspective taking: evidence for simulation theory and the developmental role of language     

Farrant BM  Fletcher J  Maybery MT 《Child development》2006,77(6):1842-1853

Recent research has found that the acquisition of theory of mind (ToM) is delayed in children with specific language impairment (SLI). The present study used a battery of ToM and visual perspective taking (VPT) tasks to investigate whether the delayed acquisition of ToM in children with SLI is associated with delayed VPT development. Harris' (1992, 1996) simulation theory predicts that the development of VPT will be delayed. Participants were 20 children with SLI (M=62.9 months) and 20 typically developing children (M=61.2 months) who were matched for nonverbal ability, gender, and age. The results supported Harris' theory and a role for language in ToM and VPT development.  相似文献   

Effects of resistance training performed to repetition failure or non-failure on muscular strength and hypertrophy: A systematic review and meta-analysis     

Jozo Grgic  Brad J.Schoenfeld  John Orazem  Filip Sabol 《运动与健康科学(英文)》2022,11(2):202-211

Purpose:We aimed to perform a systematic review and meta-analysis of the effects of training to muscle failure or non-failure on muscular strength and hypertrophy.Methods:Meta-analyses of effect sizes(ESs)explored the effects of training to failure vs.non-failure on strength and hypertrophy.Subgroup meta-analyses explored potential moderating effects of variables such as training status(trained vs.untrained),training volume(volume equated vs.volume non-equated),body region(upper vs.lower),exercise selection(multi-vs.single-joint exercises(only for strength)),and study design(independent vs.dependent groups).Results:Fifteen studies were included in the review.All studies included young adults as participants.Meta-analysis indicated no significant difference between the training conditions for muscular strength(ES=-0.09,95%confidence interval(95%CI):-0.22 to 0.05)and for hypertrophy(ES=0.22,95%CI:-0.11 to 0.55).Subgroup analyses that stratified the studies according to body region,exercise selection,or study design showed no significant differences between training conditions.In studies that did not equate training volume between the groups,the analysis showed significant favoring of non-failure training on strength gains(ES=-0.32,95%CI:-0.57 to-0.07).In the subgroup analysis for resistance-trained individuals,the analysis showed a significant effect of training to failure for muscle hypertrophy(ES=0.15,95%CI:0.03-0.26).Conclusion:Training to muscle failure does not seem to be required for gains in strength and muscle size.However,training in this manner does not seem to have detrimental effects on these adaptations,either.More studies should be conducted among older adults and highly trained individuals to improve the generalizability of these findings.  相似文献   

Easier Said Than Done: Rejoinder on Sijtsma and on Green and Yang     

Ernest C. Davenport  Mark L. Davison  Pey‐Yan Liou  Quintin U. Love 《Educational Measurement》2016,35(1):6-10

The main points of Sijtsma and Green and Yang in Educational Measurement: Issues and Practice (34, 4) are that reliability, internal consistency, and unidimensionality are distinct and that Cronbach's alpha may be problematic. Neither of these assertions are at odds with Davenport, Davison, Liou, and Love in the same issue. However, many authors in the testing community mention these terms not only together, but sometimes as if they are synonymous. Moreover, Cronbach's coefficient alpha is very popular as an index of reliability. Thus, articles discussing alpha are not only appropriate, but necessary. Our concerns are the same as formed the genesis of prior (2009) articles by these same authors, Sijtsma and Green and Yang. This rejoinder also makes comments about item parcels when tests are multidimensional and about factor analytic approaches to assessing reliability.  相似文献   

The Fantastic Made Visible: Essays on the Adaptation of Science Fiction and Fantasy from Page to Screen Matthew Wilhelm Kapell and Ace G. Pilkington,Editors. Jefferson,NC: McFarland, 2015.          下载免费PDF全文

Brad Eden 《Journal of American culture (Malden, Mass. : 2003)》2016,39(4):476-476

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