Effects of restraint on open-field activity,shock avoidance learning,and gastric lesions in the rat     

Jackie Lanum  Michael E. Campbell  Dennis W. Blick  Josephine Knox  Thomas G. Wheeler 《Learning & behavior》1984,12(2):195-201

Many rat studies of learned helplessness confound the stress of restraint with inescapable shock. In the present experiment, albino rats were held immobile for 0, 2, 8, 14, or 18 h. Behavioral deficits were observed in an open-field activity maze and in two-way shuttlebox avoidance acquisition. In the activity maze, a sex X restraint interaction was observed for latency to leave the center square, ambulation, and frequency of center square crossing. Males were slower to leave the center square, had fewer ambulations, and crossed the center square less frequently than females. These effects were potentiated by restraint. Males reared significantly less than females, and restrained animals reared significantly less than nonrestrained animals. Restraint also significantly increased the frequency of grooming. On the avoidance tasks, a significant restraint X trial block interaction indicated slower learning for restrained animals. The severity of the decrements increased with restraint duration. The presence of stomach lesions was positively correlated with stress duration and the severity of the behavioral decrement. The results indicate that restraint produces a variety of behavioral changes which may result in interpretive difficulties for helplessness studies that confound restraint and shock.  相似文献   

Emotion regulation as a scientific construct: methodological challenges and directions for child development research   总被引：23，自引：0，他引：23  

Cole PM  Martin SE  Dennis TA 《Child development》2004,75(2):317-333

Emotion regulation has emerged as a popular topic, but there is doubt about its viability as a scientific construct. This article identifies conceptual and methodological challenges in this area of study and describes exemplar studies that provide a substantive basis for inferring emotion regulation. On the basis of those studies, 4 methods are described that provide compelling evidence for emotion regulation: independent measurement of activated emotion and purported regulatory processes; analysis of temporal relations; measurement across contrasting conditions; and multiple, convergent measures. By offering this perspective, this article aims to engage thoughtful debate and critical analysis, with the goal of increasing methodological rigor and advancing an understanding of emotion regulation as a scientific construct.  相似文献   

Elimination of self-punitive behavior with a novel stimulus and safety signal     

Dennis J. Delprato  L. Allen Carosio 《Learning & behavior》1976,4(2):210-212

After escape training in an alley, rats received either nonpunished (NP) or punished (P) extinction, During extinction, NP and P groups received (a) a novel tone in the startbox, (b) a tone in the start- and goalboxes (the tone had been presented in the goalbox to these subgroups during acquisition—safety signal condition), or (c) no tone. Punishment produced greater resistance to extinction than nonpunishment (self-punitive effect) only under no-tone conditions. The elimination of self-punitive behavior with novel tone and safety signal treatment is consistent with the hypothesis that self-punitive running is motivated by excessive fear.  相似文献   

Recoupment of government R&D expenditures: issues and practices in the USA     

Margaret L. Windus  Dennis D. Schiffel 《Research Policy》1976,5(2):180-196

Recently there have been discussions in the US concerning the implementation of a recoupment policy for government expenditures on R & D.The basic questions in developing recoupment policies can be stated as: (1)“it appropriate to seek recoupment of government-supported R & D when such R & D subsequently is utilized to generate private profits? (2) If so, what options exist?”In addressing the first question, the authors develop some pro and con arguments with respect to recoupment. The authors conclude that there are no easy criteria for judging whether and when recoupment of government expenditures on R & D is appropriate. There is currently inadequate information about, and analyses of, the benefits and costs of a recoupment policy upon which to base a policy design. Reasonable people may disagree both on general criteria and on specific cases.In addressing the second question, a review of foreign programs that incorporate recoupment provisions was made to see what lessons they might provide for the US. Programs with recoupment provisions do not represent a major part of total government expenditures on R & D, although in some countries and time periods they have been a significant part of government expenditures on civilian, industry-related R & D, especially in selected industries. When employed, recoupment policies do not seem on average to have been particularly successful.  相似文献   

Personality Type and Clinical Supervision Interventions     

Janine M. Bernard  Tamara L. Clingerman  Dennis D. Gilbride 《Counselor Education & Supervision》2011,50(3):154-170

In this study, the authors investigated personality type of supervisors and supervisees and interventions chosen by supervisors for 78 supervisory dyads from 9 different counselor education programs. Gender effects were also investigated. Results indicated that interventions were not influenced by supervisor personality type as measured by the Revised NEO (Neuroticism, Extraversion, Openness to New Experiences) Personality Inventory (NEO PI‐R; Costa & McCrae, 1992a), nor were they influenced by similarity or dissimilarity of supervisory dyads by type or gender. Rather, most supervision interventions were Intuitive or Perceiving as measured by the Focus of Supervision Form. One exception was when supervisees scored high on Openness on the NEO PI‐R, which resulted in supervisors choosing Judging interventions.  相似文献   

Where Do New Medicines Come From?     

Liu D 《CBE life sciences education》2011,10(2):135-141

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Good Geometry for Effective Science Education     

Dennis Liu 《Curator: The Museum Journal》2005,48(2):125-128

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Training Needs Analysis and Evaluation for New Technologies Through the Use of Problem‐based Inquiry     

Matthew Scott  Casey Dennis Doverspike 《Performance Improvement Quarterly》2005,18(1):110-124

ABSTRACT The analysis of calls to a help desk, in this case calls to a computer help desk, can serve as a rich source of information on the real world problems that individuals are having with the implementation of a new technology. Thus, we propose that an analysis of help desk calls, a form of problem‐based inquiry, can serve as a fast and low cost means of both analyzing training needs and evaluating training. We illustrate the use of problem‐based inquiry through a case study of the analysis of help desk calls made after the delivery of a training program that served to introduce a new type of document management system in a professional services firm. Based on the analysis of help desk calls it should be possible to modify future training so as to enhance transfer to the job environment.  相似文献   

Psychometric and Cognitive Functioning of an Under-Determined Computer-Based Response Type for Quantitative Reasoning     

Randy Elliot Bennett  Mary Morley  Dennis Quardt  Donald A. Rock  Mark K. Singley  Irvin R. Katz  Adisack Nhouyvanisvong 《Journal of Educational Measurement》1999,36(3):233-252

We evaluated a computer-delivered response type for measuring quantitative skill. "Generating Examples" (GE) presents under-determined problems that can have many right answers. We administered two GE tests that differed in the manipulation of specific item features hypothesized to affect difficulty. Analyses related to internal consistency reliability, external relations, and features contributing to item difficulty, adverse impact, and examinee perceptions. Results showed that GE scores were reasonably reliable but only moderately related to the GRE quantitative section, suggesting the two tests might be tapping somewhat different skills. Item features that increased difficulty included asking examinees to supply more than one correct answer and to identify whether an item was solvable. Gender differences were similar to those found on the GRE quantitative and analytical test sections. Finally, examinees were divided on whether GE items were a fairer indicator of ability than multiple-choice items, but still overwhelmingly preferred to take the more conventional questions.  相似文献   

Strategic decisions of ice hockey coaches as a function of game location.     

P W Dennis  A V Carron 《Journal of sports sciences》1999,17(4):263-268

Two studies were performed to determine the influence of game location on the strategic decisions of ice hockey coaches. In study 1, coaches from the National (n = 23) and Ontario Hockey Leagues (n = 17) indicated the degree to which they had their teams forecheck assertively at home versus away. In study 2, video analysis of 62 National Hockey League games was used to verify the extent to which teams in this league use an assertive forechecking strategy at home versus away. In study 1, coaches reported that they implemented a more assertive forechecking style at home versus away (P < 0.001). The results of the video analysis in study 2 were consistent with the coaches' reports: teams used a more assertive forechecking style at home versus away (P < 0.03). The results are discussed in terms of their implications for the home advantage in the National Hockey League.  相似文献