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Russell A. Chapman Stanley B. Baker Sylvia C. Nassar‐McMillan Edwin R. Gerler Jr. 《Counselor Education & Supervision》2011,50(5):298-313
The authors used an intensive single‐subject quantitative design to examine cybersupervision of counseling practicum students in a university setting. Five female supervisees volunteered to receive their required weekly supervision online during a 14‐week, semester‐long counseling practicum. Following a face‐to‐face orientation meeting, all remaining interactions among the supervisees and with the supervisor occurred electronically. Data were collected about the utility of the synchronous and asynchronous modalities, changes in supervisee competence and confidence during the practicum, and supervisee attitudes about the cybersupervision approach. The findings offered evidence that the web‐based modality could be used in similar settings. 相似文献
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E. Margaret Evans Amy N. Spiegel Wendy Gram Brandy N. Frazier Medha Tare Sarah Thompson Judy Diamond 《科学教学研究杂志》2010,47(3):326-353
Museum visitors are an ideal population for assessing the persistence of the conceptual barriers that make it difficult to grasp Darwinian evolutionary theory. In comparison with other members of the public, they are more likely to be interested in natural history, have higher education levels, and be exposed to the relevant content. If museum visitors do not grasp evolutionary principles, it seems unlikely that other members of the general public would do so. In the current study, 32 systematically selected visitors to three Midwest museums of natural history provided detailed open‐ended explanations of biological change in seven diverse organisms. They were not told that these were evolutionary problems. Responses were coded as: informed naturalistic reasoning, featuring some understanding of key evolutionary concepts, novice naturalistic reasoning, featuring intuitive explanations that are also present in childhood, and creationist reasoning, featuring supernatural explanations. All visitors were mixed reasoners, using one or more of these patterns in different permutations across the seven organisms: 72% used a combination of informed naturalistic reasoning and novice naturalistic reasoning, while a further 28% added creationist reasoning to this mix. Correlational analyses indicated that for many visitors these reasoning patterns were coherent rather than fragmented. The theoretical model presented in this article contributes to an analysis of the developmental and cultural factors associated with these patterns. This could help educators working in diverse educational settings understand how to move visitors and students toward more informed reasoning patterns. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 47:326–353, 2010 相似文献
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Constrained minimization problems considered in this paper arise in the design of beamformers for radar, sonar, and wireless communications, and in the design of precoders and equalizers for digital communications. The problem is to minimize a quadratic form under a set of linear or quadratic constraints. We present solutions to these problems and establish a connection between them. A majorization result for matrix trace and Poincare's separation theorem play key roles in establishing the connection. We show that our solutions can be formulated as generalized sidelobe cancellers (GSCs), which tie our constrained minimizations to linear minimum mean-squared error (LMMSE) estimations. We then express our solutions in terms of oblique projection matrices and establish the geometry of our constrained minimizations. 相似文献