Behavioral Inhibition and Stress Reactivity: The Moderating Role of Attachment Security   总被引：9，自引：1，他引：9  

Melissa Nachmias  Megan Gunnar  Sarah Mangelsdorf  Robin Hornik Parritz  Kristin Buss 《Child development》1996,67(2):508-522

The role of the mother-toddler attachment relationship in moderating the relations between behavioral inhibition and changes in salivary cortisol levels in response to novel events was examined in 77 18-month-olds. Behavioral inhibition was determined by observing toddler inhibition of approach to several novel events. Attachment security to mother was assessed using the Ainsworth Strange Situation. Changes in salivary cortisol were used to index activity of the stress-sensitive hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA) system. In addition, toddler coping behaviors and the behaviors used by mothers to help toddlers manage novel events were examined. Elevations in cortisol were found only for inhibited toddlers in insecure attachment relationships. Mothers in these relationships appeared to interfere with their toddlers' coping efforts. These results are discussed in the context of a coping model of the relations between temperament and stress reactivity.  相似文献   

Assessment of subcutaneous adipose tissue using ultrasound in highly trained junior rowers     

Anne Kelso  Emese Trájer  Katja Machus  Gunnar Treff  Wolfram Müller  Jürgen M. Steinacker 《European Journal of Sport Science》2017,17(5):576-585

Introduction: There is a large variety of body fat (BF) measurements, which differ in validity and reliability. The aim of this study was to measure subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) using ultrasound (US) in highly trained junior rowers in a field setting, establish fat patterning profiles, and compare the profiles between male and female athletes. Skinfold thickness (SKF) measurements were also taken and compared to US measurements. Methods: Sixteen athletes participated. US measurements were taken at eight sites and reported as a sum of SAT (D): D_Excl (without embedded structures) and D_Incl (including embedded structures). SKF was measured at three sites and reported as a sum of adipose tissue thickness (SUM_SKF). Results: Mean SAT thickness (D_Incl) was 27.6?±?12.4?mm for males and 65.5?±?11.8?mm for females. Females had significantly more embedded structures than males (P?=?.016). Significant correlations were found (P?<?.001, r?=?0.92) comparing SUM_SKF to D_Incl and between SKF and US measurements at the thigh site (P?<?.001, r?=?0.86). Conclusion: US is a suitable tool to measure BF in the field testing of athletes and enables measurements of SAT with an accuracy and reliability not reached before. The sum of thicknesses (D_Incl or D_Excl) can be used to represent subcutaneous fat based on accurate measurements of uncompressed SAT thicknesses.  相似文献   

Neurodevelopmental Effects of Early Deprivation in Postinstitutionalized Children     

Seth D. Pollak  Charles A. Nelson  Mary F. Schlaak  Barbara J. Roeber  Sandi S. Wewerka  Kristen L. Wiik  Kristin A. Frenn  Michelle M. Loman  Megan R. Gunnar 《Child development》2010,81(1):224-236

The neurodevelopmental sequelae of early deprivation were examined by testing ( N  =   132) 8- and 9-year-old children who had endured prolonged versus brief institutionalized rearing or rearing in the natal family. Behavioral tasks included measures that permit inferences about underlying neural circuitry. Children raised in institutionalized settings showed neuropsychological deficits on tests of visual memory and attention, as well as visually mediated learning and inhibitory control. Yet, these children performed at developmentally appropriate levels on similar tests where auditory processing was also involved and on tests assessing executive processes such as rule acquisition and planning. These findings suggest that specific aspects of brain-behavioral circuitry may be particularly vulnerable to postnatal experience.  相似文献   

I. CHILDREN IN INSTITUTIONAL CARE: DELAYED DEVELOPMENT AND RESILIENCE     

Marinus H. van IJzendoorn  Jesús Palacios  Edmund J. S. Sonuga‐Barke  Megan R. Gunnar  Panayiota Vorria  Robert B. McCall  Lucy Le Mare  Marian J. Bakermans‐Kranenburg  Natasha A. Dobrova‐Krol  Femmie Juffer 《Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development》2011,76(4):8-30

Children exposed to institutional care often suffer from “structural neglect” which may include minimum physical resources, unfavorable and unstable staffing patterns, and socially emotionally inadequate caregiver‐child interactions. This chapter is devoted to the analysis of the ill effects of early institutional experiences on resident children's development. Delays in the important areas of physical, hormonal, cognitive, and emotional development are discussed. The evidence for and against the existence of a distinctive set of co‐occurring developmental problems in institutionalized children is weighed and found to not yet convincingly demonstrate a “postinstitutional syndrome.” Finally, shared and nonshared features of the institutional environment and specific genetic, temperamental, and physical characteristics of the individual child are examined that might make a crucial difference in whether early institutional rearing leaves irreversible scars.  相似文献   

Swedish technology teachers’ attitudes to their subject and its teaching     

Charlotta Nordlöf  Gunnar E. Höst  Jonas Hallström 《Research in Science & Technological Education》2017,35(2):195-214

Background: From previous research among science teachers it is known that teachers’ attitudes to their subjects affect important aspects of their teaching, including their confidence and the amount of time they spend teaching the subject. In contrast, less is known about technology teachers’ attitudes.

Purpose: Therefore, the aim of this study is to investigate Swedish technology teachers’ attitudes toward their subject, and how these attitudes may be related to background variables.

Sample: Technology teachers in Swedish compulsory schools (n = 1153) responded to a questionnaire about teachers’ attitudes, experiences, and background.

Methods: Exploratory factor analysis was used to inwvestigate attitude dimensions of the questionnaire. Groupings of teachers based on attitudes were identified through cluster analysis, and multinomial logistic regression was performed to investigate the role of teachers’ background variables as predictors for cluster belonging.

Results: Four attitudinal dimensions were identified in the questionnaire, corresponding to distinct components of attitudes. Three teacher clusters were identified among the respondents characterized by positive, negative, and mixed attitudes toward the subject of technology and its teaching, respectively. The most influential predictors of cluster membership were to be qualified for teaching technology, having participated in in-service-training, teaching at a school with a proper overall teaching plan for the subject of technology and teaching at a school with a defined number of teaching hours for the subject.

Conclusions: The results suggest that efforts to increase technology teachers’ qualifications and establishing a fixed number of teaching hours and an overall teaching plan for the subject of technology may yield more positive attitudes among teachers toward technology teaching. In turn, this could improve the status of the subject as well as students’ learning.  相似文献   

The problem-solving process in physics as observed when engineering students at university level work in groups     

Peter Gustafsson  Gunnar Jonsson  Margareta Enghag 《European Journal of Engineering Education》2015,40(4):380-399

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Sport In High Modernity: Sport as a Carrier of Social Values     

Gunnar Breivik 《体育哲学杂志》2013,40(1):103-118

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Student and teacher interventions: a framework for analysing mathematical discourse in the classroom     

Ove Gunnar Drageset 《Journal of Mathematics Teacher Education》2015,18(3):253-272

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Standardization of Work: Co-constructed Practice     

Gunnar Ellingsen  Eric Monteiro  Glenn Munkvold 《The Information Society》2013,29(5):309-326

There is strong pressure to achieve greater uniformity, standardization and application of best practices in the service professions, a sector that is growing in presence and importance. At the same time, there is a conflicting demand for the delivery of high-quality (or high-priced or “knowledge-intensive”) specialized or localized services. Our article analyzes information systems-enabled standardizing of service work through an in-depth interpretative study of an ongoing standardization initiative within the field of nursing. Nursing provides a graphic illustration of the dilemmas involved in the standardization of service work. In nursing, standardization is commonly a feature of projects to improve both efficiency and quality in health care. In contrast to the dominant conception of standardization as a largely top-down, imposed process, we offer a view of standardization as incomplete, co-constructed with users, and with significant unintended consequences. The article contributes by (a) developing a theoretical perspective for the standardization of information-system-embedded service work and (2) providing operational and practical implications for system design and health care management.  相似文献   

The Use of External Consultants for School Development: A Norwegian Case Study     

Eilif Olsen  Gunnar Osen 《School Leadership & Management》2013,33(1):11-19

>Although teaching has traditionally been regarded as a stressful occupation, it may be argued that the increased pace of change and enhanced levels of competition within education have impacted upon all schools in Britain, and have brought added pressures to the profession. Additionally, a number of schools have experienced further traumatic change through the process of school merger and, hence, it would seem that teachers in these particular schools are highly vulnerable to high levels of stress.

A study, which was carried out to assess the levels of stress experienced by teachers in a sample of schools which were threatened by merger, had merged or had not merged, revealed that those who were threatened by traumatic change exhibited the highest levels of stress. The findings are discussed in relation to their implications for the management of traumatic organisation change projects.  相似文献