Unreal Friends     

Dean Cocking  Steve Matthews 《Ethics and Information Technology》2000,2(4):223-231

It has become quite common for people to develop `personal' relationships nowadays, exclusively via extensive correspondence across the Net. Friendships, even romantic love relationships, are apparently, flourishing. But what kind of relations really are possible in this way? In this paper, we focus on the case of close friendship. There are various important markers that identify a relationship as one of close friendship. One will have, for instance, strong affection for the other, a disposition to act for their well-being and a desire for shared experiences. Now obviously, while all these features of friendship can gain some expression through extensive correspondence on the Net, such expression is necessarily limited –you cannot, e.g., physically embrace the other, or go on a picnic together. The issue we want to address here however, is whether there might be distinctive and important influences on the structure of interaction undertaken on the Net, that affect the kind of identity ``Net-friends'' can develop in relation to one another. In the normal case, one develops a close friendship, and in doing so, one's identity, in part, is shaped by the friendship. To some extent, through extensive shared experience, one comes to see aspects of the world (and of oneself) through the eyes of one's friend and so, in part, one's identity develops in an importantly relational way, i.e., as the product of one's relation with the close friend. In our view, however, on account of the limits of, and/or the kind of, shared contact and experience one can have with another via correspondence on the Net, there are significant structural barriers to developing the sort of relational identity that is a feature of close friendship. In arguing our case here, and by using the case of Net ``friendship'' as our foil, we aim to shed light on the nature and importance of certain sorts of self-expression and relational interaction found in close friendship.  相似文献   

Staying Roman: Conquest and Identity in Africa and the Mediterranean, 439-700     

Jamie Wood 《Al-Masaq: Islam & the Medieval Mediterranean》2015,27(2):172-174

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‘Black and whiters’: the relative powerlessness of ‘active’ supporter organization mobility at English Premier League football clubs     

Jamie Cleland  Kevin Dixon 《Soccer & Society》2015,16(4):540-554

This article examines the reaction by Newcastle United supporters to the resignation of Kevin Keegan as Newcastle United manager in September 2008. Unhappy at the ownership and management structure of the club following Keegan’s departure, a series of supporter-led meetings took place that led to the creation of Newcastle United Supporters’ Club and Newcastle United Supporters’ Trust. This article draws on a non-participant observation of these meetings and argues that although there are an increasing number of ‘active’ supporters throughout English football, ultimately it is the significant number of ‘passive’ supporters who hamper the inclusion of supporters’ organizations at higher level clubs. The article concludes by suggesting that clubs, irrespective of wealth and success, need to recognize the long-term value of supporters. Failure to do so can result in fan alienation and ultimately decline (as seen with the recent cases of Coventry City and Portsmouth).  相似文献   

Visual Propaganda,Exhibitions, and the Spanish Civil War By Miriam M. Basilio. Farnham,Surrey, England,and Burlington,VT: Ashgate, 2013. 340 pages. Hardcover: ₤70/$119.95     

Sara Matthews 《Curator: The Museum Journal》2015,58(2):229-233

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Teaching to the Test…or Testing to Teach: Exams Requiring Higher Order Thinking Skills Encourage Greater Conceptual Understanding     

Jamie?L.?JensenEmail author  Mark?A.?McDaniel  Steven?M.?Woodard  Tyler?A.?Kummer 《Educational Psychology Review》2014,26(2):307-329

In order to test the effect of exam-question level on fostering student conceptual understanding, low-level and high-level quizzes and exams were administered in two sections of an introductory biology course. Each section was taught in a high-level inquiry based style but was assigned either low-level questions (memory oriented) on the quizzes and exams, or high-level questions (application, evaluation, and analysis) on the quizzes and exams for the entirety of the semester. A final exam consisting of 20 low-level and 21 high-level questions was given to both sections. We considered several theoretical perspectives based on testing effect, test expectancy, and transfer-appropriate processing literature as well as the theoretical underpinnings of Bloom’s taxonomy. Reasoning from these theoretical perspectives, we predicted that high-level exams would encourage not only deeper processing of the information by students in preparation for the exam but also better memory for the core information (learned in the service of preparing for high-level questions). Results confirmed this prediction, with students in the high-level exam condition demonstrating higher performance on both the low-level final-exam items and the high-level final exam items. This pattern suggests that students who are tested throughout the semester with high-level questions acquire deep conceptual understanding of the material and better memory for the course information, and lends support to the proposed hierarchical nature of Bloom’s taxonomy.  相似文献   

Movement and physiological match demands of elite rugby league using portable global positioning systems   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  

Waldron M  Twist C  Highton J  Worsfold P  Daniels M 《Journal of sports sciences》2011,29(11):1223-1230

Twelve elite players from an English Super League club consented to participate in the present study using portable global positioning system (GPS) devices to assess position-specific demands. Distances covered at low-intensity running, moderate-intensity running, high-intensity running, very high-intensity running, and total distance were significantly (P < 0.05) lower in forwards compared with outside backs and adjustables. Metres per minute was higher in adjustables and forwards, owing to higher values for relative distance in medium-intensity running and a rise in high-intensity running from previous absolute values. Sprint distance, sprint frequency, and peak speed were higher in outside backs than both adjustables and forwards. A moderate, significant correlation (r = 0.62, P = 0.001) was apparent between session ratings of perceived exertion and summated heart rate. Results support the requirement for position-specific conditioning and provide preliminary evidence for the use of session ratings of perceived exertion as a measure of match load.  相似文献   

Editorial     

Michael R. Matthews  László Kovács 《Science & Education》1996,5(3):221-224

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Editorial     

Michael R. Matthews 《Science & Education》1995,4(4):315-316

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“两段式”单选题例析     

单旭珠 《英语辅导》2003,(5):18-19

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Using macroanalytic techniques to study teacher behavior patterns     

James A. Shymansky  John Penick  Ronald G. Good  Charles C. Matthews 《科学教学研究杂志》1975,12(3):221-227

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