Interest Groups in American Education     

Roy Adam 《比较教育学》1975,11(2):165-172

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Reviews     

Alan Chalmers  Lloyd Ackert  Pnina Abir-Am  Maria Trochatos  Carolyn R. Miller  Nicolas Rasmussen  Roy Macleod  Ingo Brigandt  Lorna Barrow  Ian Maclean  Elof Axel Carlson  Susan E. Cozzens  Cindy Klestinec  Patricia O'Grady  Alison Bashford  Jim Endersby  Jonathan Simon  David Mercer  David Oldroyd  Suzanne Verderber  Peter Slezak  Rachel Cooper  Patricia Fara  Ravi Arvind Palat  Peder Anker  Bernhard Fritscher  David Branagan 《Metascience》2002,11(3):329-429

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PROSPECTIVE TEACHERS�� INITIAL CONCEPTIONS ABOUT PUPILS�� DIFFICULTIES IN SCIENCE AND MATHEMATICS: A POTENTIAL RESOURCE IN TEACHER EDUCATION     

Eva Kellner  Annica Gullberg  Iiris Attorps  Ingvar Thor��n  Roy T?rneberg 《International Journal of Science and Mathematics Education》2011,9(4):843-866

A crucial issue for prospective teachers (PTs) in their education is to develop pedagogical content knowledge (PCK; i.e. how to make a topic comprehensible to pupils). However, research has shown that PTs may have tacit ideas about teaching that act as filters preventing consideration of unfamiliar and discrepant ideas. These ideas must be elicited and taken into consideration in order to be modified. Therefore, PTs’ explicit conceptions may constitute a valuable resource in teacher education. The aim of this study was to investigate PTs’ ideas about pupils’ difficulties, at a topic-specific level, upon beginning the teacher education programme. The “Lesson Preparation Method” was used in four case studies to elicit the conceptions of 32 PTs regarding pupils’ difficulties in four specific science and mathematics topics: plant growth, gases, equations and heat and temperature. In all four topic groups (n = 5 – 11), there was a variety of initial conceptions about pupils’ difficulties, which were categorised into two to five topic-specific categories. Although, initially, PTs may not have expressed any notions about pupils’ difficulties, conceptions were elicited by using the Lesson Preparation Method. Furthermore, we found that the initial ideas corresponded with earlier research on pupils’ difficulties, which could provide a potential resource when creating a scaffolding context in teacher education programmes where PCK development is stimulated.  相似文献   

The influence of narrative and expository lesson text structures on knowledge structures: alternate measures of knowledge structure     

Roy?B.?ClarianaEmail author  Michael?B.?Wolfe  Kyung?Kim 《Educational technology research and development : ETR & D》2014,62(5):601-616

This investigation applies two approaches for representing and comparing text structures as undirected network graphs to describe the influence of narrative and expository lesson texts on readers’ knowledge structure elicited as free recall. Narrative and expository lesson texts and undergraduate participants’ free recall essays (n = 90) from a study by Wolfe and Mienko (Br J Educ Psychol 77, 541–564, 2007) were reanalyzed for lexical proximity as sequential occurrence of selected important terms in the text and as actual minimum distances between these terms. The proximity data were then rendered as Pathfinder networks for analysis. Compared to human-rater benchmark measures, the convergent validity of the sequential approach (range of r = .53 to .83, median r = .70) was a little better than that of the minimum distance approach (.51 to .80, median r = .67). Further, we anticipated that the lesson text structure would be reflected in the text structure of the free recall essays, but this was not observed. On average, the essays in all three lesson conditions tended to converge on a sequential expository structure. Further, compared to the expository lesson texts, the narrative lesson text had a distinctly different influence on posttest recall essay text structures. Overall then, the sequential occurrence approach appears to provide a reasonably good, automatically derived method for representing and comparing lesson texts and participants’ essays as network graphs. If further confirmed and fully automated, there is a wide range of application of such measurement approaches for learning and research.  相似文献   

Lower limb reaction force asymmetry in rowers with and without a history of back injury     

Winko W. An  Vincy Wong  Roy T.H. Cheung 《Sports biomechanics / International Society of Biomechanics in Sports》2013,12(4):375-383

Back injury is common in rowers. Asymmetrical lower limb reaction force on the foot stretchers during rowing may compromise trunk biomechanics and lead to back injury. However, such a mechanism remains putative. Therefore, this study examined lower limb reaction force in experienced rowers with and without a history of back injury. Six rowers who suffered from back injury for more than one week in the past year and another 19 rowers who were never injured performed maximal exertion rowing on a fixed-head rowing machine for 30 strokes. Peak force, average and peak loading rate of the lower limb reaction force during the middle 10-stroke were recorded using strain-gauge transducers placed at the foot stretchers. Asymmetries and intra-limb variability were quantified as asymmetry indices and coefficients of variation, respectively. No significant asymmetry was observed in all selected kinetic parameters between the injured and healthy rowers (p = 0.448–0.722, Hedges' g = 0.162–0.310). Subgroup analyses also did not reveal any significant kinetic differences between injured and healthy scullers or sweepers (p = 0.194–0.855, Hedges' g = 0.203–0.518). Rowers with a history of back injury, regardless of the rowing types, did not demonstrate greater lower limb reaction force asymmetry when compared with healthy rowers.  相似文献   

Specific muscular development in under‐18 soccer players     

Peter Leatt  Roy J. Shephard  Michael J. Plyley 《Journal of sports sciences》2013,31(2):165-175

A comparison of the under‐18 (U‐18) and under‐16 (U‐16) squads of the Canadian national soccer team with a representative sample of Canadians (Canada Fitness Survey, 1983) showed a tendency for the development or selection of the older players in teams of stature (U‐18, 175.8 cm; U‐16, 171.1 cm; CFS, 170.9 cm) and lean body mass (U‐18, 63.4; U‐16, 57.9; CFS, 54.2 kg). The larger lean mass of the older players could not be explained simply by size. The U‐18s also showed greater isokinetic leg extension force (particularly for rapid movements) and explosive strength (vertical jump) relative to the younger players, although the knee extension force was less than in some classes of athlete. Part of the gain in mass seems due to local training of the hip and leg muscles and part to a more general muscular development. Contrary to some reports, the hip flexibility of the Canadian players (sit and reach test) was greater than for a national sample; this may be important in avoiding soft tissue injuries to the legs. However, aerobic power (58.3±5.3 ml kg^‐1 min^‐1) and body fat (8.0±l.l%) were unremarkable.  相似文献   

The biomechanics of soccer: A review     

Robert S. Weinberg  Roy Chan  Allen Jackson 《Journal of sports sciences》2013,31(3):211-216

Abstract

The purpose of this investigation was to determine whether combining two mental preparation strategies would be more effective in enhancing performances than a single strategy. Subjects (n = 40) practiced on a basketball free throw task (20 shots) using one of the following mental preparation strategies: (a) imagery, (b) relaxation, (c) relaxation plus imagery, (d) placebo control. To simulate game conditions, subjects were allowed only 10 s in which to use their mental preparation strategy. After the practice session, subjects shot 20 test free throws using their designated technique. Results indicated a significant main effect with the imagery group performing significantly better than the placebo control group although there were no specific differences between the three experimental groups. The results are discussed in terms of potential variables mediating the effectiveness of imagery in enhancing sport performance, and future directions for research are offered.  相似文献   

American Association for Health,Physical Education,and Recreation     

Leon Garrett  Mohammed Sabie  Roy Pangle 《Research quarterly for exercise and sport》2013,84(4):496-498

Abstract

Utilizing canonical correlation analysis, the multivariate relationship between selected measures of motor performance and intellectual achievement was studied on 91 high school pupils. The students involved in the study were culturally deprived students who had been achieving well below their expected capacity. A significant relationship was found between the intellectual achievement domain and the motor performance domain. Also, significant relationships were found between the intellectual achievement domain and both of the sub-domains of fitness and coordination. The results in the present investigation were compared with the univariate analyses in a previous study. It was concluded that when the degree of relationship between two domains is desired, canonical correlation analysis may be of more value than the usual univariate procedures.  相似文献   

Modern Sport,Middle Classes and Globalization in the Post-War Caribbean 1945–1952: Variations on a Theme     

Roy McCree 《国际体育史杂志》2013,30(4):472-492

The study of the global diffusion of modern sport and the relationship between local and global processes has focused on their divergent, contested and cohesive character. Major criticisms of this study, however, include the lack of empirical and historical research, the neglect of the role of the imperial and other middle classes and a tendency to present globalization as a late-twentieth-century phenomenon driven by Americanization. By way of a regional case study of the Trinidad Amateur Athletic Association during the British colonial period 1945–1952, this paper examines (i) the varying effects of the globalization of sport through the spread of amateurism and professionalization; (ii) the role of the middle classes; (iii) the historical connection and disconnection between global and local processes; and (iv) the horizontal nature of the diffusion process, in order to counter the currently too dominant focus on vertical diffusion between first world and third world countries.  相似文献   

Family background variables as instruments for education in income regressions: A Bayesian analysis     

Lennart Hoogerheide  Joern H. Block  Roy Thurik 《Economics of Education Review》2012

The validity of family background variables instrumenting education in income regressions has been much criticized. In this paper, we use data from the 2004 German Socio-Economic Panel and Bayesian analysis to analyze to what degree violations of the strict validity assumption affect the estimation results. We show that, in case of moderate direct effects of the instrument on the dependent variable, the results do not deviate much from the benchmark case of no such effect (perfect validity of the instrument's exclusion restriction). In many cases, the size of the bias is smaller than the width of the 95% posterior interval for the effect of education on income. Thus, a violation of the strict validity assumption does not necessarily lead to results which are strongly different from those of the strict validity case. This finding provides confidence in the use of family background variables as instruments in income regressions.  相似文献