Crying in the first 12 months of life: A systematic review and meta-analysis of cross-country parent-reported data and modeling of the “cry curve”     

Arnault-Quentin Vermillet  Katrine Tølbøll  Samouil Litsis Mizan  Joshua C. Skewes  Christine E. Parsons 《Child development》2022,93(4):1201-1222

Crying is an ubiquitous communicative signal in infancy. This meta-analysis synthesizes data on parent-reported infant cry durations from 17 countries and 57 studies until infant age 12 months (N = 7580, 54% female from k = 44; majority White samples, where reported, k = 18), from studies before the end Sept. 2020. Most studies were conducted in the United States, the United Kingdom, and Canada (k = 32), and at the traditional cry “peak” (age 5–6 weeks), where the pooled estimate for cry and fuss duration was 126 mins (SD = 61), with high heterogeneity. Formal modeling of the meta-analytic data suggests that the duration of crying remains substantial in the first year of life, after an initial decline.  相似文献   

The Online Studio: Cultures,Perceptions and Questions for the Future     

Ainslie Murray  Jonathan Fox  Joshua Sleight  Philip Oldfield 《The International Journal of Art & Design Education》2023,42(1):108-124

We investigated the impact of the transition to online architectural design studios in response to the COVID-19 pandemic at the University of New South Wales in Sydney, Australia. The study focussed specifically on student and tutor perceptions of online design studio before the sudden transition to online delivery, and how those perceptions shifted through the initial months of online delivery. We consider the pedagogical context in which the shift to online teaching took place and the evident successes and failures in the early iterations of online studio. We discuss similar and contrasting perceptions in student and tutor groups and observe the changes in these perceptions prior to and after teaching and learning in online studios. The paper concludes with a series of questions directed to the architectural design studio teaching community regarding the apparent inevitability of a future in which both FTF and online-only studios are surpassed with hybrid design studios.  相似文献   

Social Presence: Conceptualization and Measurement     

Kreijns  Karel  Xu  Kate  Weidlich  Joshua 《Educational Psychology Review》2022,34(1):139-170

Educational Psychology Review - Social presence is an important construct in online group learning. It influences the way how social interaction unfolds online and affects learning and social...  相似文献   

Asynchronous Online Instruction Leads to Learning Gaps When Compared to a Flipped Classroom     

Jensen  Jamie  Smith  Clara M.  Bowers  Robert  Kaloi  Mahealani  Ogden  T. Heath  Parry  Kirkham A.  Payne  Joshua S.  Fife  Porter  Holt  Emily 《Journal of Science Education and Technology》2022,31(6):718-729

With the gradual shift to online education models that has taken place in recent decades, research has sought to understand the nuances of student performance in an online model in comparison to more traditional in-person modalities. However, the effects of instructional modality have been difficult to determine given the many variables that exist in course design between these methods. In this study, we attempt to determine the efficacy of asynchronous online instruction by comparing two nearly equivalent courses. The first course was a flipped classroom, a recent and well-studied hybrid model of instruction. The second was an asynchronous fully online course that contained all the same instructional elements as the in-person course but lacked any student or instructor interaction. Student performance was tracked at both a highly-selective private institution and an open-enrollment public institution. Results show that students’ performance drops in an asynchronous online course compared to an equivalent in-person experience. Several potential hypotheses are put forth to explain a change in performance that can potentially shape the design of online instruction.

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Feature-positive discriminations during a spatial-search task with humans     

Chad M. Ruprecht  Joshua E. Wolf  Nina I. Quintana  Kenneth J. Leising 《Learning & behavior》2014,42(3):215-230

During feature-positive operant discriminations, a conditional cue, X, signals whether responses made during a second stimulus, A, are reinforced. Few studies have examined how landmarks, which can be trained to control the spatial distribution of responses during search tasks, might operate under conditional control. We trained college students to search for a target hidden on a computer monitor. Participants learned that responses to a hidden target location signaled by a landmark (e.g., A) would be reinforced only if the landmark was preceded by a colored background display (e.g., X). In Experiment 1, participants received feature-positive training (+←YB/ XA→+/A?/B?) with the hidden target to the right of A and to left of B. Responding during nonreinforced transfer test trials (XB?/YA?) indicated conditional control by the colored background, and spatial accuracy indicated a greater weighting of spatial information provided by the landmark than by the conditional cue. In Experiments 2a and 2b, the location of the target relative to landmark A was conditional on the colored background (+←YA/ XA→+/ ZB→+/ +←C /A?/B?). At test, conditional control and a greater weighting for the landmark’s spatial information were again found, but we also report evidence for spatial interference by the conditional stimulus. Overall, we found that hierarchical accounts best explain the observed differences in response magnitude, whereas spatial accuracy was best explained via spatial learning models that emphasize the reliability, stability, and proximity of landmarks to a target.  相似文献   

Conservation of indigenous medicinal botanicals in Ekiti State, Nigeria   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

Kayode J 《Journal of Zhejiang University. Science. B》2006,7(9):713-718

INTRODUCTION Ekiti State (about 7000 km2, Inland area) is situ- ated between 7°25′ and 8°20′ North and 5°00′ and 6°00′ East in the rainforest belt of southwestern Ni- geria (EKSG, 1997; Kayode, 1999; 2000). The state which was previously rich in botanicals is now being confronted with massive deforestation due to increase in population, urbanization, uncontrolled logging, lumber being used as fuel and developmental activi- ties since the state was created in 1996. Although stud…  相似文献   

Kinematics and kinetics of handcycling propulsion at increasing workloads in able-bodied subjects     

Oliver J. Quittmann  Joshua Meskemper  Thomas Abel  Kirsten Albracht  Tina Foitschik  Sandra Rojas-Vega  Heiko K. Strüder 《Sports Engineering》2018,21(4):283-294

In Paralympic sports, biomechanical optimisation of movements and equipment seems to be promising for improving performance. In handcycling, information about the biomechanics of this sport is mainly provided by case studies. The aim of the current study was (1) to examine changes in handcycling propulsion kinematics and kinetics due to increasing workloads and (2) identify parameters that are associated with peak aerobic performance. Twelve non-disabled male competitive triathletes without handcycling experience voluntarily participated in the study. They performed an initial familiarisation protocol and incremental step test until exhaustion in a recumbent racing handcycle that was attached to an ergometer. During the incremental test, tangential crank kinetics, 3D joint kinematics, blood lactate and ratings of perceived exertion (local and global) were identified. As a performance criterion, the maximal power output during the step test (P_max) was calculated and correlated with biomechanical parameters. For higher workloads, an increase in crank torque was observed that was even more pronounced in the pull phase than in the push phase. Furthermore, participants showed an increase in shoulder internal rotation and abduction and a decrease in elbow flexion and retroversion. These changes were negatively correlated with performance. At high workloads, it seems that power output is more limited by the transition from pull to push phase than at low workloads. It is suggested that successful athletes demonstrate small alterations of their kinematic profile due to increasing workloads. Future studies should replicate and expand the test spectrum (sprint and continuous loads) as well as use methods like surface electromyography (sEMG) with elite handcyclists.  相似文献   

Designing With Multiple Interactives: Five Common Pitfalls     

Sue Allen  Joshua Gutwill 《Curator: The Museum Journal》2004,47(2):199-212

Abstract Interactive museum exhibits are ubiquitous in science centers, and are becoming increasingly popular in art, history and cultural museums. At an interactive exhibit, visitors can act on the exhibit and the exhibit reacts. While there is much theoretical and empirical support for the idea that interactive features promote science learning, we believe that serious design problems can arise if an uncritical “more is better” approach is taken to interactivity. This article describes five common pitfalls of designing exhibits with high levels of interactivity or multiple interactive features: 1) multiple options with equal salience, 2) features allowing multiple users to interfere with one another, 3) options that encourage users to disrupt the phenomenon being displayed, 4) features that make the critical phenomenon difficult to find, and 5) secondary features that obscure the primary feature. Examples of each of the five problems are presented, and possible design solutions are offered.  相似文献   

“Acquired” Equals Addition? Associating Verbs with Arithmetic Operations Impacts Word Problem Performance     

Joshua Benjamin Jaffe  Troy Gharibani  Donald Joseph Bolger 《Mind, Brain, and Education》2023,17(2):93-97

Successful word problem performance often requires understanding the linguistic relations between characters and objects. However, the keyword method promotes associating specific words with mathematical operations while neglecting the situational context. Research has thoroughly investigated the detrimental effects of individuals associating relational terminology (e.g., “more”) with mathematical operations (e.g., “addition”). The current study expands upon this line of research by examining whether undergraduate students associate verbs with mathematical operations and if verbal associations affect word problem performance. Similar to relational terminology, the participants associated verbs with operations, which significantly impacted performance. The educational implications are discussed.  相似文献   

Making Sense of Uncertainty in the Science Classroom     

Rosenberg  Joshua M.  Kubsch  Marcus  Wagenmakers  Eric-Jan  Dogucu  Mine 《Science & Education》2022,31(5):1239-1262

Science & Education - Uncertainty is ubiquitous in science, but scientific knowledge is often represented to the public and in educational contexts as certain and immutable. This contrast can...  相似文献