Teaching and learning about human nutrition: a constructivist approach     

Enrique Banet  Francisco Núñez 《International Journal of Science Education》2013,35(10):1169-1194

The results of a constructivism‐based teaching programme on human nutrition for students in the second year of secondary education (13‐ and 14‐year‐olds) are analysed in light of the ideas held by the students before and after implementation of the programme. The results show how most of the students who participated in this programme reorganized their ideas concerning the nutritional process and achieved a fuller understanding of how nutrition comprises a series of related and integrated processes. Other students, who followed a more conventional method based on the teacher explanation and textbooks, tended to have erroneous or incomplete ideas concerning the nutritional process.  相似文献   

Solving Problems in Genetics,Part III: Change in the view of the nature of science     

M. Teresa Ibáñez‐Orcajo 《International Journal of Science Education》2013,35(6):747-769

Numerous investigations show that most school science teaching, in Spain and elsewhere, implicitly transmits an inductivist and very stereotyped view of science and conveys an unrealistic image of scientific work. We present some results of an investigation with fourth‐level Spanish secondary education students (15 year olds) who were taught genetics through a unit based on an open problem‐solving methodology as an investigation. Among the learning objectives were the modification of their view of the nature of science in relation to ideas about: how science is done, what a theory is, what scientists do, and, finally, what the relationship is between Science–Technology–Society. The conceptual change about the nature of science experienced by the students in the experimental group was not observed in the control group, which worked in a traditional manner. Also, these new concepts remained with the students over time without a significant backward shift.  相似文献   

Correlation between variables subject to an order restriction,with application to scientometric indices     

Miguel A. García-Pérez  Vicente Núñez-Antón 《Journal of Informetrics》2013,7(2):542-554

Variables subject to an order restriction, for instance Y ≤ X, have a bivariate distribution over a non-rectangular joint domain that entails a non-null and potentially large structural relation even if the variables show no association (in the sense that particular ranges of values of X do not co-occur with particular ranges of values of Y). Order restrictions affect a number of scientometric indices (including the h index and its variants) that are routinely subjected to correlational analyses to assess whether they provide redundant information, but these correlations are contaminated by the structural relation. This paper proposes an alternative definition of association between variables subject to an order restriction that eliminates their structural relation and reverts to the conventional definition when applied to variables that are not subject to order restrictions. This alternative definition is illustrated in a number of theoretical cases and it is also applied to empirical data involving scientometric indices subject to an order restriction. A test statistic is also derived which allows testing for the significance of an association between variables subject to an order restriction.  相似文献   

La conceptualización de la vida social escolar     

Alfredo Goñi 《Infancia y Aprendizaje》2013,36(47):101-116

Resumen

El objetivo de este estudio era indagar a qué tipos de conceptos recurren los preadolescentes cuando razonan sobre sucesos ordinarios de la vida social escolar. Brinda trasfondo teórico a la investigación la hipótesis de los dominios de juicio social formulada por Elliot Turiel. Se mantuvo una entrevista de inspiración clínica con 96 alumnos de entre 10 y 16 años, distribuidos en tres grupos de edad. Como estímulos se presentaron cinco episodios representados en tiras de comics. El análisis de los resultados, más cualitativo que cuantitativo, permite detectar la complejidad conceptual de los episodios de la vida ordinaria y la pluralidad de categorías que conforman el conocimiento social; se clarifica también la entidad epistemológica de algunas nociones sociales a la par que algunos cambios de pensamiento asociados con la edad. Se apuntan, por fin, aquellas claves teóricas cuya profundización permitirá acercarse más al sujeto pensante real.  相似文献   

Mejora de la velocidad de lectura en jóvenes con discapacidad motora     

Jordi Escoin  Monserrat Mascuñan 《Infancia y Aprendizaje》2013,36(64):49-60

Resumen

En el presente trabajo se muestra un procedimiento para conseguir mejorar el nivel de velocidad lectora en jóvenes con discapacidad motora, en su mayoría afectados de parálisis cerebral y que presentan problemas fonoarticulatorios o de ausencia de habla. Se utilizó con éxito un programa de ordenador llamado Speed Reader II, que está diseñado para desarrollar técnicas de lectura rápida. En los sujetos objeto de estudio dicho programa permitió mejorar la velocidad lectora, probablemente porque el procedimiento empleado favoreció el reconocimiento visual de palabras y la interpreta—ción y anticipación del contenido a partir del contexto. Se observa, sin embargo, la necesidad de que los sujetos dispongan una mínima habilidad lectora de partida para que el progreso con este programa sea significativo.  相似文献   

Developmental changes (14–21 years old) in binge drinking patterns and their explanatory factors / Cambios evolutivos (14–21 años) en los patrones de ingesta puntual de alcohol en exceso y en sus factores explicativos     

Amparo Caballero  Itziar Fernández  Dolores Muñoz  Pilar Carrera 《Infancia y Aprendizaje》2013,36(3):458-497

Abstract

In order to design prevention programs, it is important to understand the evolution of drinking behaviour patterns among adolescents and young people. The aim of this paper is to analyse the changes in these patterns based on age and their role in explaining this behaviour in the Theory of Planned Behaviour framework. We used 273 participants divided into three sub-samples (3^rd and 4^th ESO [Educación Secundaria Obligatoria, ‘Compulsory Secondary Education’] students and university students). For older ages, the frequency of binge drinking is higher and the attitudes were also more positive towards alcohol consumption. Structural equation analyses show that drinking behaviour is explained by a different model in each age-group: in older groups, the role played by positive attitude and perceived control is more important than in the younger; by contrast, the influence of reference groups decreases with age. Results show significant differences between age groups regarding the reasons that young people report for engaging or not engaging in this behaviour.  相似文献   

Grade level, study time, and grade retention and their effects on motivation, self-regulated learning strategies, and mathematics achievement: a structural equation model     

Pedro Rosário  José Carlos Núñez  António Valle  Julio González-Pienda  Abílio Lourenço 《European Journal of Psychology of Education - EJPE》2013,28(4):1311-1331

The present study complements previous research findings with new data to improve our understanding of the relationship between motivational variables and academic performance in math mediated by self-regulated learning (SRL). A structural equation model with predictor (i.e., grade retention, grade level, and study time), process (i.e., perceived usefulness of SRL strategies, self-efficacy for the use of SRL strategies, and reported use of SRL), and product variables (i.e., academic achievement in mathematics) is proposed. The model was analyzed in two samples of data (calibration and validation samples). The first sample served to fit and respecify the model, and the second one was used to analyze the consistency of the findings of the first sample. A sample of 756 middle school Portuguese students participated in the current study. The results indicate that SRL is positively and significantly related to academic achievement and that the latter is, in turn, powerfully determined by perceived usefulness and self-efficacy, although students’ reported use of SRL strategies decreases from 7th to 9th grades. Self-efficacy and perceived usefulness of SRL strategies were also found to decrease as grade retention increased. These results are discussed with regard to the relevance of self-efficacy and perceived usefulness of SRL strategies in increasing academic achievement.  相似文献   

Support for self-regulation in learning complex topics from multimedia explanations: do learners need extensive or minimal support?     

Héctor García Rodicio  Emilio Sánchez  Santiago R. Acuña 《Instructional Science》2013,41(3):539-553

Acquiring complex conceptual knowledge requires learners to self-regulate their learning by planning, monitoring, and adjusting the process but they find it difficult to do so. In one experiment, we examined whether learners need broad systems of support for self-regulation or whether they are also able to learn with more economical support configurations. Eighty-six undergraduate students with little prior domain knowledge learned plate tectonics from a multimedia presentation involving animation with concurrent narration and support in one of four forms: minimal support, two variants of intermediate support, or extensive support. After the presentation, participants solved retention and transfer tests. The results revealed that participants receiving the broadest system of support outperformed those in the other conditions, which did not differ from one another. This means that it is so difficult for learners to self-regulate learning that they need considerable support if they are to learn complex conceptual knowledge.  相似文献   

Learning outcomes and dropout intentions: an analytical model for Spanish universities     

Lola C. Duque  Jordi Suriñach 《Educational studies》2013,39(3):261-284

The dropout rate among Spanish university students is very high compared to the European mean, creating a pressing need for the introduction of policies and programmes aimed at increasing rates of persistence. In this article, we study this problem by combining students’ perceived learning outcomes with their dropout intentions, and we propose a research model that considers subjective factors that might impact this decision. The model is estimated for two degree courses: Business Administration and Nursing. The estimation method uses structural equations based on the partial least squares algorithm. This allows the construction of indices for the variables of interest, enabling us to make comparisons between courses and over time. To reduce dropout intentions, efforts need to be focused on obtaining better cognitive outcomes, as well as on achieving a higher level of student satisfaction with their university experience.  相似文献   

The Filipino Nursing Students' Dilemmas in Geriatric Care     

Allan B. de Guzman  Andrei Angelo R. Cruz  Angela Laurice G. Cruz  Robert Edward D. Cruz  Jose Mari Niño L. Cuarto 《Educational gerontology》2013,39(8):673-686

The continually rising percentage of the elderly population and the demand for geriatric nursing care are dramatically related. While it is true that most undergraduate programs prepare nurses for the care of geriatric patients, most receive limited academic preparation in the nursing curriculum (Williams & Mezey, 2000 Williams , C. , & Mezey , M. ( 2000 ). Older adults: Recommended baccalaureate competencies and curricular guidelines for geriatric nursing care . American Association of Colleges of Nursing and the John A. Hartford Foundation Institute for Geriatric Nursing . Retrieved August 10, 2008, from http://www.aacn.nche.edu/Education/pdf/Gercomp.pdf  [Google Scholar]). This is particularly true in the Philippines where there is no stand-alone geriatric nursing course.

This phenomenological study purports to capture the lived experiences of Filipino nursing students' dilemmas in geriatric care. Five Filipino senior nursing students and three clinical faculty from a comprehensive university in the Philippines were purposely chosen for the study. A two-part instrumentation was used. The first is the robotfoto, a Dutch term which means a cartographic sketch of the subject (Kelchtermans & Ballet, 2002 Kelchtermans , G. , & Ballet , K. ( 2002 ). The micropolitics of teacher induction: A narrative bibliographical study on teacher socialization . Teaching and Teacher Education , 18 ( 1 ), 105 – 120 .[Crossref], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]). The second was a semi-structured face-to-face interview that was recorded with the consent of the participants. The full texts were phenomenologically reduced using a repertory grid to observe both cool and warm analyses, which facilitates the identification of unique conceptual clusters. Findings of this study have described the elements that define student dilemmas in geriatric care. The emerged Students' Dilemmas in Geriatrics Causality Quadrant (SDGCQ), which consists of (a) Foundational Deficit, (b) Psychological Deficit, (c) Relational-Attitudinal Deficit, and (d) Occupational Deficit, are valuable discussion points for needed reforms in the present-day nursing curriculum.  相似文献