Implicit overcompensation: the influence of negative self-instructions on performance of a self-paced motor task   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

de la Peña D  Murray NP  Janelle CM 《Journal of sports sciences》2008,26(12):1323-1331

According to Wegner's (1994) theory of ironic processes of mental control, self-instructions not to perform in a certain way, together with mental loads, can induce thoughts, emotions, and behaviours that are precisely the opposite of intention. Wegner's theory was tested against the implicit overcompensation hypothesis, which states that movement direction and magnitude are implicitly dictated by self-instruction, irrespective of load, promoting overcompensation of action. Two experiments were conducted using a golf-putting task. In Experiment 1, 48 participants were randomly assigned to one of four load conditions: cognitive, visual, auditory, and self-presentation/incentive. In the experimental trials, participants were instructed to make the putt, but it was emphasized that the putt should not be left short of the target. Following the instructional strategy, putts landed significantly longer than at baseline, irrespective of load. In Experiment 2, 36 participants were divided into one of three groups, without load, in which different instructional sets (control, not putting long, and not putting short) were emphasized. A significant interaction emerged, as participants putted significantly longer or shorter than controls depending on the instructional set given. Overall, our findings support the implicit overcompensation hypothesis. Theoretical and practical considerations are discussed.  相似文献   

A model study of optimal training reduction during pre-event taper in elite swimmers     

Thomas L  Mujika I  Busso T 《Journal of sports sciences》2008,26(6):643-652

The aim of this study was to assess responses to taper in elite athletes using computer simulations. Parameters of a non-linear model were derived from training and performance data over two seasons for eight elite swimmers. The fit between modelled and actual performances was statistically significant for each swimmer (r(2) = 0.56 +/- 0.06; P < 0.01). The simulations were used to estimate characteristics of step and progressive tapers that would maximize performance either (1) after regular training only or (2) after overload training of a 20% step increase in regular training for 28 days. The highest performance with a step taper was greater with than without prior overload training (101.4%, s = 1.6 vs. 101.1%, s = 1.4 of personal record; P < 0.01) but required a longer taper duration (22.4 days, s = 13.4 vs. 16.4 days, s = 10.3; P < 0.05). The optimal progressive taper led to a better performance only after the overload period (101.5%, s = 1.5; P < 0.001). Negative and positive influences of training were estimated as indicators of fatigue and adaptations to training respectively. During the optimal taper, the negative influence was completely removed, independently of the prior training, whereas the positive influence increased only after overload training. Our computer simulations show that the characteristics of an optimal training reduction in elite athletes depend on the training performed in the weeks prior to a taper.  相似文献   

Guide to New Resources     

Ming Fang He  Maria José Botelho  Betty Christine Eng  William F. DeJean  Jill Aguilar  Isabel Nuñez 《Multicultural Perspectives》2013,15(4):237-244

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Guide to New Resources     

Ming Fang He  Maria José Botelho  Betty Christine Eng  William F. DeJean  Jill Aguilar  Isabel Nuñez 《Multicultural Perspectives》2013,15(1):46-57

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Social class and social consciousness: Adolescent perceptions of oppression in forum theatre workshops     

Johnny Saldaña 《Multicultural Perspectives》2013,15(3):14-18

Two workshops on Augusto Boal's Forum Theatre were conducted with two high school student groups coincidentally divided by class: one lower to lower‐middle, and one upper‐middle to upper. Students created oppression scenarios for improvisation that focused primarily on horizontal hostility: the group versus the stigmatized individual. The two workshop environments, however, differed in quality due to the facilitator's perception of class as an influential variable. Students in the upper middle‐class to upper‐class group made choices and exhibited actions characteristic of those living in the culture of affluence and privilege. I reflect critically on the event's implications for multicultural educators.  相似文献   

Maximal strength and power, muscle mass, endurance and serum hormones in weightlifters and road cyclists   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Izquierdo M  Ibáñez J  Häkkinen K  Kraemer WJ  Ruesta M  Gorostiaga EM 《Journal of sports sciences》2004,22(5):465-478

Maximal strength, power, muscle cross-sectional area, maximal and submaximal cycling endurance characteristics and serum hormone concentrations of testosterone, free testosterone and cortisol were examined in three groups of men: weightlifters (n = 11), amateur road cyclists (n = 18) and age-matched controls (n = 12). Weightlifters showed 45-55% higher power values than road cyclists and controls, whereas the differences in maximal strength and muscle mass were only 15% and 20%, respectively. These differences were maintained when average power output was expressed relative to body mass or relative to muscle cross-sectional area. Road cyclists recorded 44% higher maximal workloads, whereas submaximal blood lactate concentration was 50-55% lower with increasing workload than in controls and weightlifters. In road cyclists, workloads associated with blood lactate concentrations of 2 and 4 mmol.l-1 were 50-60% higher and occurred at a higher percentage of maximal workload than in weightlifters or controls. Basal serum total testosterone and free testosterone concentrations were lower in elite amateur cyclists than in age-matched weightlifters or untrained individuals. Significant negative correlations were noted between the individual values of maximal workload, workloads at 2 and 4 mmol.l-1 and the individual values of muscle power output (r = -0.37 to -0.49), as well as the individual basal values of serum total testosterone and free testosterone (r = -0.39 to -0.41). These results indicate that the specific status of the participants with respect to training, resistance or endurance is important for the magnitude of the neuromuscular, physiological and performance differences observed between weightlifters and road cyclists. The results suggest that, in cycling, long-term endurance training may interfere more with the development of muscle power than with the development of maximal strength, probably mediated by long-term cycling-related impairment in anabolic hormonal status.  相似文献   

Net Locality: Why Location Matters in a Networked World,by Eric Gordon and Adriana de Souza e Silva     

Jason Vincent A. Cabañes 《Popular Communication》2014,12(1):69-71

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Do systems pass university entrance exams?     

Alvaro Rodrigo  Anselmo Peñas  Yusuke Miyao  Noriko Kando 《Information processing & management》2018,54(4):564-575

Reading Comprehension tests are commonly used to assess the degree to which people comprehend what they read. This is why we work with the hypothesis that it is reasonable to use these tests to assess the degree to which a machine “comprehends” what it is reading. In this work, we evaluate Question Answering systems using Reading Comprehension tests from exams to enter University. This article analyses the datasets generated, the kind of inferences required, the methodology followed in three evaluation campaigns, the approaches presented by participants and current results. Besides, we study the evolution of systems and the main lessons learned in this evaluation process. We also show how current technologies are unable to pass university-entrance exams. This is because these tests require a deep understanding of texts, as well as detecting the similar meaning of phrases with different words. Future directions focused on these ideas seem more promising than including a massive amount of data for training systems, what has allowed systems to obtain outstanding results in Reading Comprehension tests with more straightforward questions. We think this study helps to increase the knowledge about how to develop better Question Answering systems.  相似文献   

The Use of Clinical Reasoning Skills in the Setting of Uncertainty: A Case of Trial Femoral Head Migration     

Alejandro Quiroga-Garza  Rodrigo Teran-Garza  Rodrigo Enrique Elizondo-Omaña  Santos Guzmán-López 《Anatomical sciences education》2020,13(1):102-106

Clinical skills and medical knowledge enable physicians to overcome the uncertainty of emergent and rare clinical scenarios. Recently, a growing emphasis on evidence-based medicine (EBM) has flooded medical curricula of universities across the globe with guideline-based material, and while it has given teachers and students new tools to improve medical education, clinical reasoning must be reaffirmed in its capacity to provide physicians with the ability to solve unexpected clinical scenarios. Anatomical education in medical school should have two main objectives: to acquire anatomical knowledge and to develop the skill of applying that knowledge in clinical scenarios. The authors present a clinical scenario in which an unexpected and rare complication occurred during a routine elective hip replacement surgery. The general surgeon presiding over the case, also an anatomy professor, solved the problem using clinical reasoning and anatomical knowledge. It was a clear example of how clinical reasoning is key in approaching unprecedented, rare, or unknown complications. The intention of this scenario is to remind colleagues and medical schools that, although EBM is the standard, educators must uphold sound clinical reasoning to best prepare health care providers for their careers.  相似文献   

On competences and values: from the desire to educate to educating the desire of being     

Roberto Sancho Larrañaga 《International Journal of Lifelong Education》2015,34(1):76-88

The competence discourse issued by the Colombian Ministry of National Education defines an ontological duty, a set of logics for the education of subjectivity. Some interesting elements result from this analysis. The first level, or denotative level, manages a management or business cultural code. This code is closely related to the second level or connotative level linked to certain values translated, as Saussure says, into an ideology or myth: the myth of rational market in this case. This is the performing work of discourse, that language game that entails the promise of future success and happiness.  相似文献