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John Downer 《Minerva》2017,55(2):229-248
Publics and policymakers increasingly have to contend with the risks of complex, safety-critical technologies, such as airframes and reactors. As such, ‘technological risk’ has become an important object of modern governance, with state regulators as core agents, and ‘reliability assessment’ as the most essential metric. The Science and Technology Studies (STS) literature casts doubt on whether or not we should place our faith in these assessments because predictively calculating the ultra-high reliability required of such systems poses seemingly insurmountable epistemological problems. This paper argues that these misgivings are warranted in the nuclear sphere, despite evidence from the aviation sphere suggesting that such calculations can be accurate. It explains why regulatory calculations that predict the reliability of new airframes cannot work in principle, and then it explains why those calculations work in practice. It then builds on this explanation to argue that the means by which engineers manage reliability in aviation is highly domain-specific, and to suggest how a more nuanced understanding of jetliners could inform debates about nuclear energy. 相似文献
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Christopher Hamlin 《Science & Education》2017,26(1-2):191-193
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This paper describes the French initiative in materials research against both a national and an international background,
in an attempt to disentangle the local circumstances, which prompted this governmental initiative, and to characterize the
specific profile of materials research in France. In presenting a biography of the interdisciplinary program in materials
research (PIRMAT), we argue that: i) the PIRMAT denotes a failure of the French science policy in materials research; ii)
the leadership of the CNRS led to a specific style of research, quite different from the engineering approach of Materials
Science and Engineering, and characteristic of a French style in materials research. 相似文献
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Kaare Aagaard 《Minerva》2017,55(3):279-297
This article outlines the evolution of a national research funding system over a timespan of more than 40 years and analyzes the development from a rather stable Humboldt-inspired floor funding model to a complex multi-tiered system where new mechanisms continually have been added on top of the system. Based on recent contributions to Historical Institutionalism it is shown how layering and displacement processes gradually have changed the funding system along a number of dimensions and thus how a series of minor adjustments over time has led to a transformation of the system as a whole. The analysis also highlights the remarkable resistance of the traditional academically oriented research council system towards restructuring. Due to this resistance the political system has, however, circumvented the research council system and implemented change through other channels of the funding system. For periods of time these strategies have marginalized the role of the councils. 相似文献