In the spring of 1983, President Reagan issued a National Security Decision Directive which, among other provisions, mandated that present and future Executive Branch employees and contractors having access to classified information or sensitive compartmented information, the latter being a kind of intelligence data, sign one of two types of nondisclosure agreement. Previously, these types of agreements had been used for the most part only in the intelligence agencies. This article reviews the law which has developed around the prepublication review requirement of Central Intelligence Agency agreements and examines the contracts mandated by the new National Security Decision Directive, identifying issues raised by these agreements in light of the body of case law dealing with the C.I.A.'s system of censorship. With regard to the prepublication review requirement, the focus here is limited to former rather than current officials of the government. 相似文献
A method of sorting large textual data-bases by computer using external storage is proposed. The range of sort-keys in a sample of data to be sorted is divided into a fixed set of partitions, which should also give an adequate representation of new data from a similar source. The partitions are composed of ordered key ranges. An incoming data stream is distributed into a series of bins according to the partition in which the key lies, and the bins are then seperately sorted, using an internal sort, to give an ordered file. It is shown how the number of disc accesses needed depends on the manner in which the bins become filled, and thus on statistics of the data. Experiments using an INSPEC data-base give information on which estimates of the efficiency of the method can be based. 相似文献
An experimental best match retrieval system is described based on the serial file organisation. Documents and queries are characterised by fixed length bit strings and the time-consuming character-by-character term match is preceeded by a bit string search to eliminate large numbers of documents which cannot possibly satisfy the query. Two methods, one fully automatic and one partially manual in character, are described for the generation of such bit string characterisations. Retrieval experiments with a large document test collection show that the two-level search can increase substantially the efficiency of serial searching while maintaining retrieval effectiveness, and that a single-level search based only upon the bit strings results in only a small decrease in effectiveness in some cases. 相似文献
Conclusion The pilot studies, and that includes the more recent 1986 study which involved 22 schools, have done much to convince teachers
and educators in this State that the ‘practical’ mode in biology can be assessed satisfactorily using the processes described.
The performance data, the teachers responses and the test/re-test procedures tend to confirm the reliability, validity and
usability of the practical examination, in spite of inital doubts by many teachers in that regard. How the results of the
practical examination are used remains to be decided. They could be used alone or in conjunction with marks obtained from
continuous assessment of practical work done over the year. They could be used directly or as a moderating instrument only.
In view of the recent decision by the subject committee to allocate a considerable percentage of the overall mark to practical
work, specifically (25%), it seems highly likely that the results may well be used directly. The strategies employed in this
study may well be appropriate to physics, chemistry and geology, though the choice of criteria to be tested, the form of the
Practical Test Assessment Inventory and the marking scheme may need to be substantially modified for those particluar subjects. 相似文献
Efforts at international counselor educationare potentially problematic because of oftenunexamined differences between host and donor.These differences can include culture itself aswell as the related constructs of worldview andinformation processing styles. The interactionbetween this `cultural nexus' and the`professional nexus' of theoretical models,therapeutic schools, and particular professionsprovides the topography that must be negotiatedby educators attempting to cross nationalboundaries. The international counseloreducator who wishes to avoid doing harm in thelocal development of the mental healthprofessions must at a minimum take into accountthe potential sources of difference betweenhost and donor implied in such cultural andprofessional distinctions. 相似文献
Problem solving abilities are critical components of contemporary Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM) education. Research in the area of problem solving has uncovered much about the representation, processes and heuristic approaches to problem solving. However, critics claim this overemphasis on the process of solving problems has led to a dearth in understanding of the earlier stages such as problem conceptualization. This paper aims to address some of these concerns by exploring the area of problem conceptualization and the underlying cognitive mechanisms that may play a supporting role in reasoning success. Participants (N?=?12) were prescribed a series of convergent problem-solving tasks representative of those used for developmental purposes in STEM education. During the problem-solving episodes, cognitive data were gathered by means of an electroencephalographic headset and used to investigate students’ cognitive approaches to conceptualizing the tasks. In addition, interpretive qualitative data in the form of post-task interviews and problem solutions were collected and analyzed. Overall findings indicated a significant reliance on memory during the conceptualization of the convergent problem-solving tasks. In addition, visuospatial cognitive processes were found to support the conceptualization of convergent problem-solving tasks. Visuospatial cognitive processes facilitated students during the conceptualization of convergent problems by allowing access to differential semantic content in long-term memory.
