美国中学与大学体育的管理机制与司法治理          下载免费PDF全文

Matthew J. Mitten  郭树理 《体育科研》2019,(5):51-59

体育作为中学课外活动的教育内容之一，主要由美国各州政府自行管理，各州的中学也组成了高中体育管理联合会来制定和执行校际体育活动的有关规则。美国法院遵循司法谦抑原则，通常不会干预联合会的决定，除非决定所依据的规则或所依据的程序违反了成文法，或侵犯了联邦或州宪法规定的基本权利。大学校际体育由大学自发组成的各种联合会进行管理，其中最重要的是全国大学体育联合会（NCAA），NCAA以维持大学体育的业余性、保证体育作为高等教育的有机组成部分为宗旨，有权制定和强制实施各项规则及处罚。NCAA不是政府组织，无法对其管理大学体育的行为适用美国联邦宪法，但可以适用美国联邦反垄断法。  相似文献   

‘The old days of amateurism are over’: the Samaranch revolution and the return of Olympic tennis     

Matthew P. Llewellyn  Robert J. Lake 《Sport in History》2017,37(4):423-447

Tennis featured in every Olympics from 1896 to 1924, after which disagreements between the International Olympic Committee (IOC) and the International Lawn Tennis Federation (ILTF) on matters pertaining to organisational control and the amateur eligibility of players led to tennis being removed from the Olympic Games as a full-medal event until the 1988 Seoul Olympics. This paper traces the steps of the sport’s reinstatement, from when efforts commenced in the 1950s, setting this development in the contexts of: broader political movements, shifting IOC leadership, burgeoning commercialisation of Olympic sport, the concomitant push for professionalisation and the declining influence of amateur ideals within both the Olympic movement and international tennis. Under the leadership of the amateur stalwart Avery Brundage, the IOC stymied attempts to facilitate tennis’s re-entry, challenging both the ILTF on failing to deal with widespread ‘sham-amateur’ practices and the avaricious promoters luring amateur players toward the professional ranks. Brundage and the IOC also strongly condemned the move to ‘open’ tennis and an acceptance of full-blown professionalism. Only a change in leadership, firstly with Lord Killanin and then the progressive reformer Juan Antonio Samaranch, did the IOC recognise the value of tennis within the Olympic movement, which by then had itself become increasingly money-oriented.  相似文献   

The rhetorical force of “global archival memory”: (Re)Situating archives along the global memoryscape     

Matthew Houdek 《Journal of International and Intercultural Communication》2016,9(3):204-221

ABSTRACT

This essay engages the possibilities and pitfalls of UNESCO’s Memory of the World program for fostering “global archival memory.” Archives function as rhetorical weapons for both political control and social justice within national and regional contexts. The constitution of global archival memory shifts archives’ borders beyond nation-bound contexts, creating space for contention, deliberation, and debate within a presentist transnational arena. Approaching archives as symbols capable of marshaling cross-cultural identifications furthers memory scholars’ conceptions of transnational memories and communities. It responds to rhetorical scholars’ calls to further engage archives, while drawing on archival studies, memory studies, and rhetorical theories of memory.  相似文献   

Football and Urban Expansion in São Paulo,Brazil, 1880-1920     

Matthew Brown  Gloria Lanci 《Sport in History》2016,36(2):162-189

Football is central to Brazilian society, its way of imagining itself and its position in the world. Existing accounts of the origins of football in Brazil in the late nineteenth- and early twentieth-centuries tend towards mono-causal explanations, highlighting the role of British pioneers and Brazilian enthusiasm for the game. This article argues for a multi-causal explanation, using a mixed methodology of archival research in Brazil and the UK, combined with spatial analysis through the development of GIS maps. Building upon the existing interpretations, it shows how important the historical contexts of dynamics of urban expansion and transport infrastructure development – both with considerable British influence – were to the establishment of football as Brazil's national sport.  相似文献   

Female football fans: community,identity and sexism     

Matthew L. McDowell 《Soccer & Society》2016,17(4):650-651

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Conclusion     

Matthew Guschwan 《Soccer & Society》2016,17(3):403-406

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New media: online fandom     

Matthew Guschwan 《Soccer & Society》2016,17(3):351-371

Online media is a boon to fandom. It provides mountains of information for the devout follower, while it also provides the opportunity to create and share content. The internet allows fans to transcend geographical barriers to form communities that could not otherwise exist. One particular group of A.S. Roma fans show how fans can use the ‘placeless' internet to invigorate a connection to place. They use their website in conjunction with meeting at the stadium and at other places in real life. The website provides the glue to their geographically dispersed set of Romans. The web is another tool that serves the social needs of fans.  相似文献   

Fan politics: dissent and control at the stadium     

Matthew Guschwan 《Soccer & Society》2016,17(3):388-402

This essay delves into the theoretical and practical dimensions of political expression at the stadium. While previous chapters are organized around the form of media, this essay considers the breadth of media put to use to convey political sentiments. While the notion of sport as apolitical has surface appeal, the stadium has always been political, and provided that sport continues to aggregate tens of thousands of fans in an enclosed space, there is little hope of eliminating politics. The stadium offers the chance for average citizens to gain a voice and, I argue, the stadium is an important part of the public sphere. The chapter considers how the stadium is used for dissent in several contexts. In Italy, the stadium has long been a site of political expression while more recently, in Cairo and Istanbul, football fandom has provided the tools to directly confront the state.  相似文献   

Acute protease supplementation effects on muscle damage and recovery across consecutive days of cycle racing     

Cecilia M. Shing  Suzzen Chong  Matthew W. Driller  James W. Fell 《European Journal of Sport Science》2016,16(2):206-212

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Absence of the present: the reburial of Adnan Menderes and the condition of possibility of public memory in Turkey     

Matthew deTar 《传播与批判/文化研究》2016,13(1):93-108

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