Impact des formulations sur la résolution de problèmes additifs chez l’enfant de 6 a 10 ans     

Michel Fayol  Hervé Abdi 《European Journal of Psychology of Education - EJPE》1986,1(1):41-58

An experiment was carried out concerning arithmetical problem solving in children. Three between sujects variables were manipulated. All problems followed the same underlying pattern with an initial state (Ei), two additive transformations (T1 and T2), and a final state (Ef); yet the unknown state concerned either Ef (S1 problems) or Ei (S2 problems). The order of introducing the transformations was counterbalanced: either state first (O1 order) or transformations first (O2). Finally, the question was located either at the end of the problem (Q1) or at its beginning (Q2). One hundred and ninety two subjects (64 six, eight, and ten year-olds) were submitted to 8 different problems of the same type. The difficulties of the numerical series were tentatively controlled on an atempt to render the computations roughly «proportional» to ages. Quantitative and qualitative analysis were conducted. Results show that: a) Problems with final state unknown (S1) are solved more easily and early, whereas problems with initial state unknown (S2) are better solved as the children grow older. b) Introducing the transformations first (O2) and placing the question at the beginning of the problem-text (Q2) yields better performances c) The procedures used to solve the problems are clearly dependant on the wording of the problems. An interpretation is proposed which takes in account both the knowledge available in L.T.M. and the limitations of working memory.  相似文献   

High School Dropout in Proximal Context: The Triggering Role of Stressful Life Events          下载免费PDF全文

Véronique Dupéré  Eric Dion  Tama Leventhal  Isabelle Archambault  Robert Crosnoe  Michel Janosz 《Child development》2018,89(2):e107-e122

Adolescents who drop out of high school experience enduring negative consequences across many domains. Yet, the circumstances triggering their departure are poorly understood. This study examined the precipitating role of recent psychosocial stressors by comparing three groups of Canadian high school students (52% boys; M_age = 16.3 years; N = 545): recent dropouts, matched at‐risk students who remain in school, and average students. Results indicate that in comparison with the two other groups, dropouts were over three times more likely to have experienced recent acute stressors rated as severe by independent coders. These stressors occurred across a variety of domains. Considering the circumstances in which youth decide to drop out has implications for future research and for policy and practice.  相似文献   

L'enseignement d'une langue (non-maternelle ou maternelle) aux apprenants en difficulté et aux enfants issus de milieux socialement défavorisés     

Michel Wambach 《International Review of Education/Internationale Zeitschrift für Erziehungswissenschaft/Revue internationale l'éducation》1986,32(2):175-190

Résumé Les statistiques officielles révèlent des taux importants d'échec scolaire à l'école fondamentale belge notamment chez les enfants issus de milieux socialement défavorisés francophones ou étrangers. D'autre part, le pourcentage d'analphabètes adultes est en hausse. Ces situations relèvent d'une cause commune: la méthodologie de la langue maternelle à l'école et l'approche de l'écrit en particulier. Après avoir défini l'objectif psychologique d'un cours de langue, l'étude présentée propose une méthodologie, synthèse des courants psycho-pédagogiques, linguistiques et (neuro) biologiques actuels. Les données de ces recherches ont permis de vérifier les hypothèses de travail élaborées et corrigées pendant les vingt dernières années. Une place importante dans la méthodologie préconisée est occupée par la libération de la parole. Cette étape initiale accroît et renforce les dispositions créatives chez l'enfant et préparent les activités langagières proprement dites. Celles-ci amènent l'enfant à une facilité de communication et un apprentissage fonctionnel de la langue. La méthodologie de la lecture tient compte des recherches sur le fonctionnement de la mémoire et sur l'activité sélective du cerveau. Une première évaluation de la méthodologie a vérifié les hypothèses de départ. De plus, les élèves des classes expérimentales ont obtenu des scores nettement supérieurs dans les épreuves de compréhension à la lecture, l'élaboration d'un texte et dans celles qui demandent de l'imagination et de la créativité.

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Official statistics reveal a high percentage of school failure at primary-school level in Belgium, notably among children from socially disadvantaged backgrounds, be they francophone or foreign. Furthermore, the percentage of adult illiteracy is rising. These situations share a common root: the methodology of the mother tongue at school and the approach to the written language in particular. After defining the psychological objective of a language course the present study proposes a methodology, a synthesis of up-to-date psycho-pedagogical, linguistic and (neuro) biological trends. The data from this research make it possible to verify the working hypotheses which have been elaborated and revised over the last twenty years. Within the recommended methodology, thelibération de la parole (liberation of speech) occupies an important place. This initial stage increases and reinforces the creative dispositions in the child and prepares for real language activities. These help the child to communicate and enable a functional learning of the language. The methodology of reading takes into account research conducted on the operation of the memory and the selective activity of the brain. A first evaluation of the methodology has verified the working hypotheses. Moreover, the pupils in the experimental classes obtained markedly higher grades in tests such as reading comprehension, elaborating texts and in those tests calling for imagination and creativity.

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Zusammenfassung Die offiziellen Statistiken weisen prozentual erhebliche schulische Fehlleistungen in der belgischen Grundschule besonders bei den Kindern auf, die aus sozial benachteiligten Schichten kommen, unabhängig davon, ob sie französisch-oder fremdsprachig sind. Hinzu kommt, daß der Prozentsatz der erwachsenen Analphabeten steigt. Diese Situationen haben eine gemeinsame Ursache: die Methodik der Muttersprache im allgemeinen und der der Schriftsprache im besonderen. Im Anschluß an die Definition des psychologischen Ziels eines Sprachkurses wird in der vorliegenden Studie eine Methodik vorgeschlagen, die eine Synthese der aktuellen psycho-pädagogischen, linguistischen und (neuro) biologischen Strömungen darstellt. Die Daten dieser Untersuchungen ermöglichen es, die Arbeitshypothesen zu verifizieren, die während der letzten zwanzig Jahren sorgfältig ausgearbeitet und verbessert wurden. In der vorgeschlagenen Methodik nimmt die sogenanntelibération de la parole (Befreiung des Sprechens) eine wichtige Stellung ein. Die damit in dieser Anfangsphase verknüpften Aktivitäten erweitern und verstärken die kreativen Anlagen des Kindes und bereiten den Weg für authentische sprachliche Aktivitäten. Diese verhelfen dem Kind zur Kommunikationsfähigkeit und zu einem funktionalen Erlernen der Sprache. Die Methodik des Lesens stützt sich auf Untersuchungen der Funktionsweise des Gedächtnisses und der selektiven Tätigkeit des Gehirns. Eine erste Auswertung der Methodik hat die Arbeitshypothese verifiziert. Darüberhinaus erzielten die Schüler der Versuchsklassen im Lesen, der Ausarbeitung von Texten und in Tests, die Phantasie und Kreativität voraussetzen, deutlich bessere Resultate.

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Policy and Partnerships for the Development of the Infoculture — Information at the Centre of a New Form of Solidarity     

Jean Michel 《International Information and Library Review》2013,45(3-4):465-478

The development of digital technologies for the production, processing, dissemination and use of information is leading to the emergence of a new society based on a far reaching transformation in the relationship between people and institutions and on a radical change in many professional, economic, educational or cultural practices. The crucial question facing us today is whether our traditional societies are ready for such a shift in ways of thinking, communicating and acting. Are people sufficiently aware and adequately equipped to become citizens of this new information society? Are they prepared to be active, efficient and responsible participants in the new communities living on information exchange? Are we really ready to be part of a new culture based on a swifter and broader flow of information, ideas and knowledge? The development of that special culture, or infoculture, depends first and foremost on education, both general and vocational, and on initial and continuing training as well as on raising awareness among the public at large. Achieving a real infoculture calls for full-scale mobilization of all those who in their various ways are involved in the information society. Partnerships must be encouraged; national, regional or world projects must be given support; there is more than ever a need for a new form of solidarity to develop the infoculture.  相似文献   

Story Circle: Digital Storytelling Around the World     

Michel Dupagne Ph.D. 《广播与电子媒介杂志》2013,57(3):532-533

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The Effect of Media Coverage on Employer Reputation     

Martina Panico  Elena Michel 《Journal of Media Economics》2013,26(4):181-198

A growing body of research examines the formation of employer reputation. One potential driver is media coverage. Using content analysis data for media coverage and survey data, this study examines different dimensions of media coverage, namely, social and functional news and their impacts on employer reputation. Results show that in particular negative functional and social news affect employer reputation, although the impact of negative social news is more indirect and delayed.  相似文献   

On estimating finite mixtures of multivariate regression and simultaneous equation models     

Kamel Jedidi  Venkatram Ramaswamy  Wayne S. DeSarbo  Michel Wedel 《Structural equation modeling》2013,20(3):266-289

We propose a maximum likelihood framework for estimating finite mixtures of multivariate regression and simultaneous equation models with multiple endogenous variables. The proposed “semi‐parametric” approach posits that the sample of endogenous observations arises from a finite mixture of components (or latent‐classes) of unknown proportions with multiple structural relations implied by the specified model for each latent‐class. We devise an Expectation‐Maximization algorithm in a maximum likelihood framework to simultaneously estimate the class proportions, the class‐specific structural parameters, and posterior probabilities of membership of each observation into each latent‐class. The appropriate number of classes can be chosen using various information‐theoretic heuristics. A data set entailing cross‐sectional observations for a diverse sample of businesses is used to illustrate the proposed approach.  相似文献   

A “Grand Challenge”: Measuring Information Societies     

Michel J. Menou  Richard D. Taylor 《The Information Society》2013,29(5):261-267

Even though there has been a proliferation of e-society measures in recent years, analyses of the metrics of the “information society” are still far from responsive to the needs of many stakeholders and continue to suffer from a number of serious limitations. Issues in eight critical areas are briefly presented. They include: definition of the universe to be measured; definition of the objects and phenomena to include in the universe; need to establish measurements based upon solid theories; units of measurements; data sources and collection; methods of analysis and construction of indicators; target audiences; and purpose and utilization of measurements. An organized collective effort, which could provide the impetus for the development of a coherent academic field of study, is called for to address this “grand challenge.”  相似文献   

A comparison of time-motion and technical–tactical variables between age groups of female judo matches     

Bianca Miarka  Rubiana Cury  Ricardo Julianetti  Rafael Battazza  Ursula Ferreira Julio  Michel Calmet 《Journal of sports sciences》2013,31(16):1529-1538

Abstract

The aim of the study was to verify differences between age groups of female judo matches in time-motion and technical–tactical analysis. The sample was composed of pre-cadet (13–14 years, n = 148), cadet (15–16 years, n = 228), junior (17–19 years, n = 104) and senior (>20 years, n = 237) groups. The time-motion indicators consisted of total combat time, standing combat time, displacement without contact, gripping time, total time of techniques, groundwork combat time and pause time, per match and by each combat/pause cycle. Technical and tactical variables were also collected. The one-way analysis of variance and a post hoc test were conducted, P ≤ 0.05. Cadets, with a median of 7 (2, 12), had a number of combat/pause cycles different from junior, with 3 (1, 8.5). Regarding time-motion per match and per cycle, senior had longer total combat time, standing combat time and gripping time than other groups. Senior presented lower frequency of leg techniques than pre-cadet, cadet and junior. Time-motion and technical–tactical variables effects in female judo athletes emphasise the difference between seniors and other groups.  相似文献   

Tracking the mind during writing: immediacy, delayed, and anticipatory effects on pauses and writing rate     

Severine Maggio  Bernard Lété  Florence Chenu  Harriet Jisa  Michel Fayol 《Reading and writing》2012,25(9):2131-2151

This study examines the dynamics of cognitive processes during writing. Participants were 5th, 7th and 9th graders ranging in age from 10 to 15?years. They were shown a short silent video composed of clips illustrating conflictual situations between people in school, and were invited to produce a narrative text. Three chronometric measures of word n were analyzed using a Linear Mixed-Effects Model regression procedure: pause duration before word n, pause duration within word n, and writing rate of word n. The predictors were sublexical and lexical properties of word n, i.e., immediacy effects, word n ? 1, i.e., delayed effects, and of word n?+?1, i.e., anticipatory effects. The writing-rate and the intra-word-pause measures show both immediacy and anticipatory effects. However, the between-word-pause durations show only delayed effects, which has not been reported in previous studies. As far as we know, our study is the first investigation which reveals the occurrence of parallel and serial effects in written text production: preprocessing of word n?+?1 occurs when word n is being written, and properties of word n ? 1 still exert their influences while the pen has already moved to the next word.  相似文献