Systemic rejection: political pressures seen from the science system     

Mitchell Young  Mads P. Sørensen  Carter Bloch  Lise Degn 《Higher Education》2017,74(3):491-505

The emphasis on competitiveness and the knowledge-based economy in European policymaking has resulted in a heightened focus on monitoring and steering the science system, particularly through metric-based instruments. Policymakers’ general aims of fostering excellent research and breakthroughs are shared by researchers as well; however, below the surface is a paradox that is rarely discussed. The political system and the science system understand and pursue these concepts and objectives differently. Through two case studies on high-performing university-based research environments in Denmark and Sweden, this article uncovers the ways in which highly successful researchers often behave in ways that run counter to policy steering attempts. They do this by shielding themselves and their research group from steering pressures originating in the political system. Using Luhmann’s systems theory, the cases demonstrate why the relationship between the science system and the political system needs to be understood as a horizontal rather than a vertical relationship, and using concepts from organizational theory, provides a model and terminology for identifying and analyzing the types of mechanisms and strategic responses that the science system uses to shield itself from political steering pressures.  相似文献   

Anticipatory contrast as a function of access time and spatial location     

Charles F. Flaherty  Patricia S. Grigson  Cynthia Coppotelli  Colin Mitchell 《Learning & behavior》1996,24(1):68-81

Intake of a 0.15% saccharin solution was suppressed when it was followed by a 32% sucrose solution in brief daily pairings. With equal access durations to the two solutions, intervals of intermediate duration (2 or 3 min) produced a larger contrast than more extreme intervals (1 or 10 min). There was no evidence of inhibition of delay with the 10-min interval (Experiments 1A and 1B). When access times were asymmetrical, longer access time to the first solution reduced contrast, whereas longer access time to the second solution enhanced contrast (Experiment 2). Contrast was greater when the two solutions were presented at consistent and separate spatial locations than when location was changed randomly or when both solutions were presented in sequence at the same location. However, a degree of contrast occurred in all conditions (Experiment 3). Experiment 4, conducted with the solutions in opposite arms of a T-maze, showed that anticipatory approach to the location correlated with the 32% sucrose solution developed prior to lick suppression on the saccharin solution. However, within daily sessions, there was a reliable increase in contrast without correlated changes in anticipatory-approach behavior. Access-time effects were attributed to altered reward values, whereas spatial-separation effects suggest that goal-directed responses contribute to, but do not cause, anticipatory contrast.  相似文献   

Beyond magical thinking: Doing the real work of diversifying our institutions     

Mitchell J. Chang  June C. Chang  María C. Ledesma 《About Campus》2005,10(2):9-16

U.S. Supreme Court opinions have left some doors open for institutions to build the kinds of diverse student populations that are known to enrich the learning of all students. But simply inviting diverse students through those doors is not doing nearly enough.  相似文献   

A cultural embrace     

Michael Thomas  Marlon Mitchell  Roberto Joseph 《TechTrends》2002,46(2):40-45

Conclusion As culture is at the heart of meaning making, it warrants exacting attention in the systemic design process. As Gustafson & Powell (1991) point out, too often models are not tested for validity and reliability. It is for this reason that we emphasize that research must critically evaluate this expanded ADDIE model. As technology enables us to increase our interaction with the peoples of the world, we are enriched by the incessant shifts in our own cultural paradigms. Attention to this cultural dynamism and incessant interplay leads to both improved designs and improved designers. As instructional designers, we must be able to critically analyze our learner’s cultures and allow it to strengthen the instructional design process. In this way we address our ethical commitment to creating culturally sensitive products. His research interests include culture, identity development, and meaning making in technology rich environments. His research interests are in the areas of Educational Gerontology, Instructional Design, and the Digital Divide. His research interests include Systemic Change and the Digital Divide.  相似文献   

Some ‘Spill‐over’ Effects of a Home‐based Reinforcement Programme in a Secondary School     

David J. Leach  Mitchell K. Byrne 《教育心理学》1986,6(3):265-276

Abstract A home‐based reinforcement (H‐BR) programme was carried out in a secondary school to increase rule‐following and work completed by two groups of disruptive students. Of particular interest was whether the positive effects of the programme on target students would ‘spill‐over’ to equally disruptive control students in the same classes. The results showed highly significant improvements in the work and behaviour of both sets of target students but positive ‘spill‐over’ effects on controls were only apparent in one of the classes. Possible explanations for this are discussed. It is concluded that the already considerable value of H‐BR programmes in secondary schools as minimal intervention techniques would be enhanced even more if ‘spill‐over’ effects on non‐targeted, classroom sub‐groups could be planned for, rather than hoped for.  相似文献   

Reading readiness and eye hand preference patterns in first grade children   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

W E Stephens  E S Cunningham  B J Stigler 《Exceptional children》1967,33(7):481-488

  相似文献   

Cross-Racial Interaction Among Undergraduates: Some Consequences, Causes, and Patterns   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Mitchell J. Chang  Alexander W. Astin  Dongbin Kim 《Research in higher education》2004,45(5):529-553

This study utilized a national longitudinal data set of college students to examine the educational relevance of cross-racial interaction and how campuses can best structure such opportunities. The general pattern of findings suggests that cross-racial interaction has positive effects on students' intellectual, social, and civic development. The results show that institutions could enhance such experiences by enrolling larger proportions of students of color and by offering students more opportunities to live and work part-time on campus. While these findings apply uniformly to white students, the frequency of cross-racial interaction does not always follow an expected path of steady gains for students of color as the student body becomes increasingly more diverse. Implications of the findings are discussed.  相似文献   

Attenuated and enhanced neophobia in the taste-aversion “delay of reinforcement” effect     

Mitchell  Denis  Scott  D. Winfield  Mitchell  Linda K. 《Learning & behavior》1977,5(1):99-102

Learning & Behavior - Rats were made ill immediately or 6 h after drinking either familiar tap water or a novel .1% saccharin solution. Control animals were given sham treatments immediately...  相似文献   

Comment by Mitchell Salim     

Mitchell Salim 《Counselor Education & Supervision》1971,10(3):227-228

  相似文献   

Enhancing Preservice Teachers' Understanding of Web-based Scientific Inquiry     

Bodzin  Alec M.  Cates  Ward Mitchell 《Journal of Science Teacher Education》2003,14(4):237-257

Journal of Science Teacher Education -  相似文献