Expression of a taste aversion conditioned with an odor-taste compound: Overshadowing is relatively weak in weanlings and decreases over a retention interval in adults     

Philipp J. Kraemer  Nancy A. Lariviere  Norman E. Spear 《Learning & behavior》1988,16(2):164-168

Adult rats were injected with lithium chloride (LiCl) after consumption of a novel flavor (chocolate milk) that either was or was not presented together with a novel ambient odor (banana) as a compound conditioned stimulus (CS). In Experiment 1, the adults’ consumption of the flavor 24 h after conditioning was compared with that of weanling rats given the same conditioning treatment on Postnatal Day 21. The results confirmed previous indications that the reduction in aversion observed for adults conditioned with the compound CS (overshadowing) was weak or nonexistent in weanlings. After a longer retention interval (21 days), there was no evidence of overshadowing in adults despite maintained retention of the basic conditioned aversion. In Experiment 2 this decrease in overshadowing after a long retention interval was replicated with adult animals and extended to a different method of testing. The form of the effect was the same as in Experiment 1: The decrease in overshadowing occurred over the retention interval without loss in retention of the basic taste aversion; the decrease in overshadowing was a consequence of anincrease in the flavor aversion displayed by animals conditioned with the compound CS. The impaired flavor aversion (i.e., the overshadowing) observed shortly after conditioning apparently was due to factors associated with memory retrieval, rather than to reduced attentional or associative strength.  相似文献   

Immersive VR for Organic Chemistry: Impacts on Performance and Grades for First-Generation and Continuing-Generation University Students     

Miller  Michelle D.  Castillo  Giovanni  Medoff  Norman  Hardy  Alexis 《Innovative Higher Education》2021,46(5):565-589

Innovative Higher Education - Rapid advances in the quality and accessibility of immersive virtual reality (IVR) have brought about intense interest in applications of the technology within higher...  相似文献   

Teaching Nature of Scientific Knowledge to Kindergarten Through University Students     

Lederman  Norman G.  Abd-El-Khalick  Fouad  Smith  Mike U. 《Science & Education》2019,28(3-5):197-203

Science & Education -  相似文献   

Determining Sufficient Measurement Opportunities When Using Multiple Cut Scores     

Rebecca L. Norman  Chad W. Buckendahl 《Educational Measurement》2008,27(1):37-46

Many educational testing programs report examinee performance at more than two levels of proficiency. Whether these assessments have the capacity to support these multiple inferences, though, is a topic that has not been widely discussed. This study proposes a method for evaluating the minimum number of measurement opportunities for reporting students' performance at multiple achievement levels and describes an application of the method for reading and mathematics assessments that are used by some school districts in Nebraska. Analyses were based on judgments collected from 110 teachers about characteristics of items and tasks from multiple assessments in reading and mathematics at grades 4 and 8, and in high school. Results suggested that there were generally enough items on the mathematics assessments to classify students into two or three performance levels, but rarely enough to make the four classifications that the state reported. Items on the reading assessments were generally distributed across the proficiency levels and tended to allow reporting for all four classification levels. These findings have implications for both practitioners and policymakers in how scores are interpreted.  相似文献   

GTravels towards Problem Based Learning in Medical Education (VPBL)     

Bowdish  Bruce E.  Chauvin  Sheila W.  Kreisman  Norman  Britt  Mike 《Instructional Science》2003,31(4-5):231-253

This paper reports the results and insights ofan exploratory investigation of theeffectiveness of a prototypic virtualproblem-based learning (VPBL) exercisedelivered via the WWW, that uses HypermediaAssisted Instructional Technologies (HAIT). The study targeted all first year medicalstudents at a south-central University Schoolof Medicine who were enrolled in the humanphysiology course during the Spring 2000 (n =150). A quasi-experimental, post-test onlyresearch design compared the VPBL and atext-based version of the same PBL exercise onstudents' achievement, as measured by a set ofselected physiology examination items, andtheir perceptions of the learning environment,as measured by the Teaching and LearningEnvironment Questionnaire (TLEQ) (Chauvin &Bowdish, 1998). Findings suggest that the VPBLis equally as effective as the text-basedversion for enhancing students' learning andtheir learning environment in small group, PBLsessions. In this paper, we examine theevidence supporting the VPBL innovation andexplore what constitutes necessary andsufficient evidence that an educationalinnovation should be incorporated appropriatelyinto the medical educational practice of aschool. We examine instructional design issuessuch as learner control, instructional control,and teacher and learner roles as related toinstructional development for the WWW, bycomparing and contrasting our observations ofthe VPBL design experiment with theprofessional literature.  相似文献   

ATHENS,gateways, and portals: components of the Distributed National Electronic Resource     

Alicia Wise  Chris Rusbridge  Norman Wiseman 《Learned Publishing》2000,13(2):101-104

The Distributed National Electronic Resource is a central plank of the UK's Joint Information Systems Committee's strategy. We outline the background and definitions of the DNER and discuss some of the issues to be investigated and the collaboration required between stakeholders and their partners.  相似文献   

Finding the right term: Retrieving and exploring semantic concepts in astronomical vocabularies     

Alasdair J.G. Gray  Norman Gray  Christopher W. Hall  Iadh Ounis 《Information processing & management》2010

Astronomy, like many domains, already has several sets of terminology in general use, referred to as controlled vocabularies. For example, the keywords for tagging journal articles, or the taxonomy of terms used to label image files. These existing vocabularies can be encoded into skos, a W3C proposed recommendation for representing vocabularies on the Semantic Web, so that computer systems can help users to search for and discover resources tagged with vocabulary concepts. However, this requires a search mechanism to go from a user-supplied string to a vocabulary concept.  相似文献   

The Critical Role of Stereopsis in Virtual and Mixed Reality Learning Environments     

Bruce Wainman  Giancarlo Pukas  Liliana Wolak  Sylvia Mohanraj  Jason Lamb  Geoffrey R. Norman 《Anatomical sciences education》2020,13(3):401-412

Anatomy education has been revolutionized through digital media, resulting in major advances in realism, portability, scalability, and user satisfaction. However, while such approaches may well be more portable, realistic, or satisfying than traditional photographic presentations, it is less clear that they have any superiority in terms of student learning. In this study, it was hypothesized that virtual and mixed reality presentations of pelvic anatomy will have an advantage over two-dimensional (2D) presentations and perform approximately equal to physical models and that this advantage over 2D presentations will be reduced when stereopsis is decreased by covering the non-dominant eye. Groups of 20 undergraduate students learned pelvic anatomy under seven conditions: physical model with and without stereo vision, mixed reality with and without stereo vision, virtual reality with and without stereo vision, and key views on a computer monitor. All were tested with a cadaveric pelvis and a 15-item, short-answer recognition test. Compared to the key views, the physical model had a 70% increase in accuracy in structure identification; the virtual reality a 25% increase, and the mixed reality a non-significant 2.5% change. Blocking stereopsis reduced performance on the physical model by 15%, on virtual reality by 60%, but by only 2.5% on the mixed reality technology. The data show that virtual and mixed reality technologies tested are inferior to physical models and that true stereopsis is critical in learning anatomy.  相似文献   

Toward a conceptual framework of the process of organized innovation technological within the firm     

Norman R. Baker  Dennis J. Sweeney 《Research Policy》1978,7(2):150-174

The literature concerning information flow and organizational design for technological innovation is summarized and a conceptual framework of the process of organized technological innovation within the firm is developed. The framework incorporates Rosenbloom's premise that corporate strategy can serve to cut across both internal and external boundaries of the firm and is shown to be consistent with the relevant organizational and planning literatures. The potential for using mathematical models to represent a firm's corporate strategy, budgeting and resource allocation activities is discussed. We argue that such models are needed to provide for policy analysis and could lead to a simulation capability that serves as a surrogate for real-life experimentation.  相似文献   

反思与创新:学习型城市理念演进及未来     

诺曼&#;朗沃斯  苑大勇 《北京广播电视大学学报》2017,(2)

学习型城市的理念从西方起源,并在欧洲进行了非常好的实践与传播,取得了非常多的研究和实践成果.近年来,学习型城市在欧洲的发展趋缓,发展的重点转向亚洲,并由独自发展转向合作发展.为促进学习型城市的可持续发展,各国都在制定发展策略以应对复杂的未来.学习型城市要进行理念创新,保障学习型城市发展中的"共同利益";进行合作创新,为学习型城市的国际合作创造各种机会;进行体系创新,从西方学习的理念与中国现状相结合.通过建立可持续的社会、经济和环境发展理念,学习型城市的未来发展才更加具有活力.  相似文献