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991.
This enquiry sought to identify, in one secondary school, the day‐to‐day work that teachers below senior management level identified as being leadership tasks. Such approaches to non‐executive leadership are becoming more prevalent as schools move towards more open styles of management. This is accepted by practitioners, as well as being evident in the literature. In identifying these tasks it became possible to offer the teachers involved in the enquiry support and training in the skills necessary to perform these tasks.

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The 50th Venice Biennale of Art 2003 took the theme of ‘Dreams and Conflicts: the Dictatorship of the Viewer’, a theme that was said to reflect the difficulties of presenting art to diverse global audiences, with their own very different points‐of‐view. As an event, the Biennale has two tracks, one features works specially curated for the event, without necessarily any reference to place of residence of artists; the second track is specifically state‐based, where state art establishments present the work of ‘their’ artists in dedicated spaces, or even specially‐built permanent pavilions. This essay is structured as an art review, a statement of relative success or failure of aesthetic projects, mixing journalist convention, some light exegesis and purely subjective personal comment. Such review essays are relatively uncritical of the very frame of viewing and judging, and rarely make very clear the scale against which projects are measured. In this case, the main criteria for such ranking of the national pavilions was how they balanced the sort of self‐awareness that art in the early 21st century seems to require, against the implied aims of state promotion, and a sensitivity to styles or flavours of work prevailing in the world of the major Euro‐American arts institutions. This article goes on to consider several other artists and entries, and notes that few works were site‐specific to ‘Venice, Italy’, (as opposed to ‘place where important Biennale is held’). One exception was Fred Wilson’s work in the US pavilion. Work by practitioners based in Asia was reasonably well‐represented in the curated sections of Venice, particularly through the show orchestrated by Hou Hanru, a China‐educated curator who has made his career in Paris since 1990. While individual curators are able to move in circuits between Asia and Europe or North America, it is unclear how art circuits in various Asian territories will continue to interact with the larger Biennale circuit, and indeed the international commercial art market. Clearly the ‘national’ approach still has some momentum, and we can expect curators and state arts organizations to become more nuanced in their presentation.  相似文献   
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This paper examines the efficacy of a short-term mentoring program in building cross-cultural friendships between students at an Australian university. Using a quasi-experimental approach, our study found that the mentoring program (Local Aussie Mentoring Program—LAMP) increased cross-cultural interactions for mentees, but not for mentors. About 45% of both mentors and mentees wished to continue their relationship with mentoring partners after the completion of the mentoring requirements. Mentees spent significantly more time with cross-ethnic friends than did controls after the completion of LAMP. We examined whether multicultural aspects of personality, as measured by the Multicultural Personality Questionnaire (MPQ), would positively correlate with cross-cultural mentoring effectiveness and cross-cultural friendship interactions (the dependent variables). Multicultural personality aspects of mentors (as measured by the MPQ) had significant positive relationships with both mentee and mentor-rated mentoring measures. All mentor MPQ scales showed some significant but small and positive relationships, with mentor friendship items, particularly Open-mindedness, Cultural Empathy and Emotional Stability. We found a significant, positive relationship between mentee Cultural Empathy and Social Initiative with cross-cultural friendship. These results show some partial support for a positive relationship between MPQ scales and cross-ethnic friendships.  相似文献   
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This paper is about certain aspects of the story of the introduction of an innovative approach to the learning and assessment of a critical understanding of science by undergraduate, primary school, student teachers specialising in science. The approach is for students to submit, as the only assessed assignment for the module, a cumulative, multi-voiced text called a Patchwork Text (PT). The PT integrates smaller pieces written across the module, which demand critical and personal engagement, and have been the subject of peer and formative feedback, to produce a structurally unified reflective synthesis. Far from being a technical change, this innovation has been motivated by a commitment to the greater fulfilment of broad aims which have moral dimensions. The proposal for the introduction of a PT approach encountered criticisms from colleagues. This led to special arrangements for monitoring the implementation, and the marking of the first set of PTs. Evidence is drawn from a meeting of the moderating panel to identify issues about assessment, which came to the fore and to examine their value positions and raise concerns about innovatory initiatives in the current climate of teacher education in England.  相似文献   
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This article addresses the business of film music in mainstream Nollywood. It does so by focusing on the materiality of the industry as an institution: its social organisation and systems of film music production; markets; networks; and power relations. Specifically, the arguments rely on social organisational theories, and economic concepts such as vertical integration and market competition alongside inferences from interviews with insider-practitioners. Findings reveal that the Nollywood film music industry is characterised by non-institutionalised vertical integration within a perfectly competitive market in which its film music composers are, essentially, competing without advantage.  相似文献   
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Playgroups provide for more children under five than any other preschool service, and now regard themselves as an alternative to, rather than a substitute for, nursery education. There are, however, a number of major issues concerning their funding: income depends largely on parental fees and fund‐raising; playgroups are less well resourced than nursery education; and current resourcing may be too low to ensure quality. Based on research in 45 playgroups in three areas (rural, inner city, and suburban), the paper looks in more detail at the consequences for playgroups of their current funding position and, more specifically, at the impact on various aspects of playgroups ‐ including premises and equipment; opening hours and usage; the position of playgroup workers; the satisfaction of mothers and playgroup leaders; and the playgroup environment ‐ of different funding policies pursued by local authorities in the three study areas. One local authority provided substantial support to individual playgroups, while the other two gave minimal support. The paper concludes by considering three options for the future funding of playgroups.

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