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Justin C. Wise Rose A. Sevcik Robin D. Morris Maureen W. Lovett Maryanne Wolf 《Scientific Studies of Reading》2013,17(2):151-164
According to the Lexical Restructuring Model (Metsala & Walley, 1998), children move from holistic representations of words, to syllabic representations, and finally to phonemic representations through a restructuring process driven by their developing lexical base. In contrast, the psycholinguistic grain size theory put forth by Ziegler and Goswami (2005) suggests that the awareness of individual phonemes is not possible without direct literacy instruction. The purpose of this study was to examine whether semantic knowledge and/or knowledge of grapheme/phoneme correspondences influenced the acquisition of word-blending skills by a sample of children with a reading disability. Participants were 211 second-grade and third-grade students from public elementary schools who were assigned to a reading intervention. Hierarchical Linear Modeling techniques were used to model individual growth curves of word-blending skills. Overall, findings support the psycholinguistic grain size theory of reading and suggest that instruction in the relationship between orthographic patterns and their corresponding sounds is necessary for the development of phonological awareness. 相似文献
54.
Performance-based assessments require teacher candidates to demonstrate proficiency on specific teaching tasks and apply knowledge in authentic settings. This article describes the development and use of performance-based assessments (PBAs) for advancing the learning and evaluation of teacher candidates in an early childhood special education teacher preparation program. Teacher candidates completed PBAs under supervision during culminating practica experiences at three age levels (infant/toddler, preschool, and primary practicum). Methods for determining proficiency on national (Council for Exceptional Children) and state (Colorado teacher licensure) standards are described, along with the challenges and opportunities presented by the use of PBAs. Performance-based assessment data over a 5-year period indicate teacher candidate performance meeting and exceeding national standards and state licensure requirements. 相似文献
55.
ABSTRACTThis Special Issue aims to present evidence about the relationships between content knowledge (CK), pedagogical knowledge (PK) and pedagogical content knowledge (PCK); the development of these types of knowledge in novice and experienced secondary science teachers; and how CK, PK and/or PCK impact students’ learning. Since Shulman’s introduction of PCK as the feature that distinguishes the teacher from the content expert, researchers have attempted to understand, delineate, assess and/or develop the construct in pre- and in-service teachers. Accordingly, empirical findings are presented that permit further discussion. Outcomes permit post-hoc examination of a recent, collectively described, ‘consensus’ model of PCK, identifying strengths and potential issues. As we will illustrate, the relationship between CK, PK and PCK is central to this; that is, probing the hypothesis of pedagogical content knowledge as an ‘amalgam’ of content and pedagogical knowledge. 相似文献
56.
Stefan Sorge Jochen Kröger Stefan Petersen Knut Neumann 《International Journal of Science Education》2019,41(7):862-889
ABSTRACTTeachers’ professional knowledge is considered one of the most important predictors of instructional quality. According to Shulman, such professional knowledge includes content, pedagogical content and pedagogical knowledge. Although recent research shed some light on the structure of the dimensions of professional knowledge, little is known how teacher education impacts pre-service physics teachers’ professional knowledge. In an effort to address this issue, we examined the content, pedagogical content and pedagogical knowledge of N?=?200 pre-service physics teachers enrolled in different years of teacher education at 12 major teacher education universities in Germany. We used structural equation modelling (1) to examine the relations amongst pre-service physics teachers’ content, pedagogical content and pedagogical knowledge, (2) to explore how the three kinds of knowledge and their relations differ across different stages of teacher education and (3) to identify factors affecting the level of each component of professional knowledge. Our findings suggest that content, pedagogical content and pedagogical knowledge represent distinct types of knowledge. Furthermore, our findings show that in the first years of professional education, pedagogical content knowledge is more closely related with general pedagogical knowledge while in later years, it is more closely related with content knowledge, suggesting that it develops from a general knowledge about teaching and learning into knowledge about the teaching and learning of specific content. Finally, beyond school achievement and years of enrolment as predictors, we find in particular the amount of classroom observations to have a positive impact on the professional knowledge of pre-service physics teachers. 相似文献
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Michael Br?uninger Sebastian Schr?er Sven Schulze und Henning V?pel 《Zeitschrift für Erziehungswissenschaft》2008,32(1):37-45
Zusammenfassung Angesichts der staatlichen Klimaschutzziele stellt sich die Frage, wie diese mit m?glichst geringer Beeintr?chtigung einer
sicheren Versorgung zu günstigen Preisen erreichbar sind. Erdgas, das im Vergleich zu anderen fossilen Energietr?gern deutlich
kohlenstoff?rmer ist und darüber hinaus bei der Verbrennung auch keine weiteren Schadstoffe emittiert, kann hier einen Beitrag
leisten. Gegenw?rtig hat Erdgas für die Versorgung mit W?rme sowie bei der Erzeugung von Strom eine erhebliche Bedeutung,
die zukünftig weiter wachsen wird. Anhand verschiedener Szenarien werden Prognosen zur weiteren Entwicklung von Erdgas und
die Auswirkungen auf die CO2-Emissionen angestellt. Es zeigt sich, dass der Anteil von Erdgas im Bereich der W?rmeversorgung von 46 % auf 56 % steigen
wird. Durch ?nderung des Energiemix und Effizienzsteigerungen kann der CO2-Aussto? für Raumw?rme daher bis 2020 um 8,3 % gesenkt werden. Für die Stromerzeugung werden alternative Szenarien berechnet.
Beim derzeitigen Energiemix k?me es zu einer j?hrlichen Steigerung des CO2-Aussto?es um 0,8 %. Würde Kohle komplett durch Gas ersetzt, k?nnte der CO2-Aussto? j?hrlich um 1,9 % gesenkt werden.
Dieser Beitrag ist eine Kurzfassung der Studie „Wirtschaftsfaktor Erdgasbranche“, HWWI Policy Paper 1–3, Hamburg 相似文献
Given the governmental climate targets, the question arises how these targets can be achieved without affecting a secure and cheap energy supply. As natural gas causes less carbon emissions than any other fossil fuel it might be able to make a contribution in this regard. Currently, in the generation of heat and power natural gas plays a significant role, which will further increase in the future. Using several scenarios, we predict the development of the importance of natural gas and the consequences for carbon emissions. The calculations show that the share of natural gas for the supply of heat will increase from 46 % to 56 %. Efficiency increases together with changes in the structure of power generation can reduce heating-related carbon emissions by 8.3 % until 2020. For power generation, we calculate alternative scenarios. If the current structure of power generation is held constant, carbon emissions will increase by 0.8 % p.a. If instead natural gas completely replaces coal and lignite, the carbon emissions will be reduced by 1.9 % per year.
Dieser Beitrag ist eine Kurzfassung der Studie „Wirtschaftsfaktor Erdgasbranche“, HWWI Policy Paper 1–3, Hamburg 相似文献
59.
Fritz-Ulrich Kolbe Sabine Reh Bettina Fritzsche Till-Sebastian Idel und Kerstin Rabenstein 《Zeitschrift für Erziehungswissenschaft》2008,11(1):125-143
Zusammenfassung In der Kritik an der schulp?dagogischen Rezeption des Kulturbegriffs, insbesondere an der normativ aufgeladenen Konzeption
einer „neuen Lernkultur“, wird in diesem Aufsatz an einem sozialwissenschaftlichen, im engeren Sinne „praxistheoretischen“
Verst?ndnis von Kultur Anschluss genommen. Lernkultur konstituiert sich in p?dagogischen Praktiken, in regelgeleiteten, typisierten
und routinisierten, k?rperlich aufgeführten und Interaktionen einschlie?enden Bearbeitungen verschiedener (p?dagogischer)
Differenzen, etwa der zwischen der sozialen Ordnung eines p?dagogischen Angebotes und anderen Ordnungen, zwischen Vermittlung
und Aneignung und der zwischen schulisch relevantem und anderem Wissen. Diesem Verst?ndnis von Lernkultur entspricht methodologisch
die Entscheidung für eine in besonderer Weise vorgehende, videobasierte Erforschung p?dagogischer Praktiken. Das w?re als
Konstituierung einer „empirischen Didaktik“ zu verstehen.
相似文献
60.
This paper is about the interaction between policy and practice, and about how competing policies contributed to a paradoxical
tension within that interaction in one school. Within a paradigm of educational renewal, the Singapore Ministry of Education
(MOE) has initiated a number of policies designed to give schools autonomy in designing and implementing programmes to achieve
optimal educational outcomes for its students. Among these are READ! Singapore, Teach Less, Learn More and the School Excellence
Model. In this context, we review an MOE initiated Extensive Reading (ER) programme in one school. Despite such innovative
policies, Dewey Secondary School’s [The names of the school and individuals have been changed to protect their privacy.] pedagogical
and literacy practices continue to be largely influenced by other dominant features of Singapore’s and the school’s own educational
culture—an exam-oriented focus that prioritises outcome and skill-based pedagogy and the school’s historical practice of restricting
literacies. Competing policies as interpreted by the school and diverse stakeholders result in a morphed ER programme—an adaptation
of a reading programme that reflects the programme intent overtly but one that collides at other times, and as a result, is
pulled in different directions. The story is, thus, one of ‘policies of promise and practices of limit’. 相似文献